Test One Flashcards
anatomy
structure
physiology
function
life
“those things that disappear when a living organism dies”
cells
“basic structural and functional unit of life”
differentiation
“process of specializing a cell from an unspecialized state to a specialized state”
metabolism
total of all chemical reactions happening in the body
catabolism
breaks large molecules down MAKES OR RELEASES ENERGY
anabolism
builds up small molecules REQUIRES ENERGY
homeostasis
“maintaining everything within the body between certain set preset limits”
feedback loops
control homeostasis (1. receptors 2. central control (brain) 3. effector)
sign
measurable
symptom
subjective
insulin
lowers blood sugar, opens cell to usher in glucose
glucagon
raises blood sugar, releases glucose from liver cells
matter
“anything that has weight and takes up space”
valence shells
outermost cell of electrons
ionic bonds
give up or take electrons
covalent bonds
share electrons
non polar covalent bonds
share electrons equally BUT DON’T DISSOLVE IN H2O, fats
polar covalent bonds
share electrons equally (ex- H2O)
hydrogen bonds
cause proteins to fold, shape is EVERYTHING (misfolded protein is a prion)
organical chemicals
made of carbon AND hydrogen (ex- carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)
inorganic chemicals
“everything else” (ex- H2O, CO2, O2)
carbohydrates
“provide the immediate and preferred energy source to the body”
saccharides
building blocks of carbs (glycosidic bonds)
glycosidic bonds
formed between saccharides
lipids
“provide stored energy”
phospholipids
biologically important lipids (phosphate heads, lipid tails)
triglycerides
basic fat, made of a glycerol and 3 fatty acid tails
hydrophobic
repels water
proteins and what they look like
do everything (picture with the two H horns, N head, C abdomen, one H arm and one R arm, C pelvis, O legs (one with a splint and no foot the other with H foot)
amino acids
20 of these, basic building blocks of life (peptide bonds between these things)
ribosomes
synthesize proteins by connecting multiple amino acids with peptide bonds
folding
hydrogen bonds, VVVV or loop-de-loop shape (beta pleated sheets or alpha helix spiral), conserves space
enzymes
proteins that help with chemical reactions
nucleotides
building blocks of DNA/RNA (Phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base)
transcription
write down (think Donna) “process of making a mRNA copy of a gene segment on a chromosome”
translation
actually do, “process of making a protein from an mRNA cope of a gene”
codon
groups of 3 nucleotides in mRNA (AUG is the start one)
anticodon
3 nucleotides that line up at the bottom of tRNA (opposite of mRNA)
mRNA
“type of RNA that is a copy of a DNA gene”
tRNA
“type of RNA that transports the amino acids into the ribosomes (in the correct order)”
rRNA
type of RNA that forms the framework of ribosomes
mutations
a change (error) in the sequence of genes
replication
“process of copying each of the chromosomes in preparation for cell division”
ORI’s
sites on the chromosomes where copying can start
p53
protein that controls the restriction point at the end of G1 (decides if cells stay, divide, or die)
crenation
shriveling of cell (hypertonic solution result)
hypertrophy
enlargement of a cell (hypotonic solution result)
simple diffusion
high to low movement across the phospholipid bilayers (occurs with H2O, CO2, O2, (and small lipids))
facilitated diffusion
high to low movement via protein gates in the phospholipid bilayer
osmosis
H2O movement from high to low concentrations
cellular respiration
process of making ATP from glucose
glycolysis
first step in respiration
glycolysis
glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, and 2 FADH
citric acid cycle (krebs cycle)
occurs in mitochondria’s cytoplasm, 2 pyruvate is broken down into Acetylcholine (ACh), 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH
electron transport chain
occurs in mitochondria’s inner membrane (squiggly bit), 12 NADH is broken down into NAD, H+, 2 electrons, and 34-38 ATP
6 characteristics of life
movement, responds to stimuli/environment, differentiation, metabolism, reproduction, growth
3 parts of feedback loops
- stimuli
- control center (brain)
- effector
how blood sugar is controlled
- receptors say blood sugar is high/low
- brain tells the pancreas to make insulin/glucagon
3a. high- insulin opens liver cells, glucose is stored, blood sugar goes down
3b. low- glucagon works in liver cells to release stored glucose, blood sugar rises
important biological elements (9)
H, Na, K, Ca, C, Fe, O, N, Cl
why does an atom picks up a charge and what charge would that be
ionic bonds give up or receive electrons, (give up electrons equals + charge, receive electrons equals - charge)
why is water polar
oxygen is an electron hog making the atom bend and giving it slight charges (h+ and oxygen-)
how does the hydrogen bonds happen between water molecules
opposite charges attract making the H+ in one H2O molecule attract the O- in another H2O (SLIGHT BONDS ONLY (draw with the multiple little lines))
how does water ionize compounds and why is this so important
O- attracts Na+, H+ attracts Cl-, this allows our bodies to break down molecules and be able to use the individual elements
3 most important inorganic chemical
H2O, CO2, O2
normal blood pH range and how do you control this
7.35-7.45, CO2 levels in your blood (holding your breath lowers your blood pH, hyperventilating raises your blood pH)
4 important organic chemicals
carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
what shapes do proteins fold into
alpha helix spirals and beta pleated sheets
why do proteins fold
the hydrogen bond in proteins causes this
what happens when a protein is misfolded
a prion is made
what are the parts of a nucleotide
phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base
base pairing rules
DNA- AT, CG
RNA- UT, CG
DNA
housed in 23 chromosomes in the nucleus, chromosomes are divided into sections called genes, genes hold the pattern for making specific proteins, doubled stranded, bases are A,T,C,G
RNA
makes proteins, single strand, bases are A,U,C,G, can move, 3 types
mRNA
copy of a DNA gene
rRNA
makes up ribosomes
tRNA
transports amino acids into the ribosomes
RNA polymerase
makes a mRNA copy of a DNA gene
DNA lygase
connects ORI’s sections together
DNA polymerase
makes a copy of each chromosome
DNA helicase
opens DNA strands during replication
what is the role of methionine in life
(AUG), start codon, couldn’t make any proteins, no proteins no living
nucleus
contains DNA
nucleolus
makes ribosomes
rough ER
folds proteins
smooth ER
synthesizes lipids
mitochondria
make ATP
ribosomes
make proteins
golgi body
packages proteins
lysosomes
destroy waste
isotonic solution
typical IV, .9% salt, eql amount of liquid and particles (used for mild dehydration and to increase blood volume)
hypotonic solution
hypertonic solution
> .9%, causes crenation (used when you’re too hydrated)
