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Anatomy and Physiology > Test One > Flashcards

Test One Flashcards

1
Q

anatomy

A

structure

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2
Q

physiology

A

function

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3
Q

life

A

“those things that disappear when a living organism dies”

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4
Q

cells

A

“basic structural and functional unit of life”

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5
Q

differentiation

A

“process of specializing a cell from an unspecialized state to a specialized state”

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6
Q

metabolism

A

total of all chemical reactions happening in the body

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7
Q

catabolism

A

breaks large molecules down MAKES OR RELEASES ENERGY

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8
Q

anabolism

A

builds up small molecules REQUIRES ENERGY

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9
Q

homeostasis

A

“maintaining everything within the body between certain set preset limits”

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10
Q

feedback loops

A

control homeostasis (1. receptors 2. central control (brain) 3. effector)

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11
Q

sign

A

measurable

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12
Q

symptom

A

subjective

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13
Q

insulin

A

lowers blood sugar, opens cell to usher in glucose

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14
Q

glucagon

A

raises blood sugar, releases glucose from liver cells

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15
Q

matter

A

“anything that has weight and takes up space”

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16
Q

valence shells

A

outermost cell of electrons

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17
Q

ionic bonds

A

give up or take electrons

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18
Q

covalent bonds

A

share electrons

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19
Q

non polar covalent bonds

A

share electrons equally BUT DON’T DISSOLVE IN H2O, fats

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20
Q

polar covalent bonds

A

share electrons equally (ex- H2O)

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21
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

cause proteins to fold, shape is EVERYTHING (misfolded protein is a prion)

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22
Q

organical chemicals

A

made of carbon AND hydrogen (ex- carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)

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23
Q

inorganic chemicals

A

“everything else” (ex- H2O, CO2, O2)

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24
Q

carbohydrates

A

“provide the immediate and preferred energy source to the body”

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25
Q

saccharides

A

building blocks of carbs (glycosidic bonds)

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26
Q

glycosidic bonds

A

formed between saccharides

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27
Q

lipids

A

“provide stored energy”

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28
Q

phospholipids

A

biologically important lipids (phosphate heads, lipid tails)

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29
Q

triglycerides

A

basic fat, made of a glycerol and 3 fatty acid tails

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30
Q

hydrophobic

A

repels water

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31
Q

proteins and what they look like

A

do everything (picture with the two H horns, N head, C abdomen, one H arm and one R arm, C pelvis, O legs (one with a splint and no foot the other with H foot)

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32
Q

amino acids

A

20 of these, basic building blocks of life (peptide bonds between these things)

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33
Q

ribosomes

A

synthesize proteins by connecting multiple amino acids with peptide bonds

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34
Q

folding

A

hydrogen bonds, VVVV or loop-de-loop shape (beta pleated sheets or alpha helix spiral), conserves space

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35
Q

enzymes

A

proteins that help with chemical reactions

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36
Q

nucleotides

A

building blocks of DNA/RNA (Phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base)

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37
Q

transcription

A

write down (think Donna) “process of making a mRNA copy of a gene segment on a chromosome”

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38
Q

translation

A

actually do, “process of making a protein from an mRNA cope of a gene”

39
Q

codon

A

groups of 3 nucleotides in mRNA (AUG is the start one)

40
Q

anticodon

A

3 nucleotides that line up at the bottom of tRNA (opposite of mRNA)

41
Q

mRNA

A

“type of RNA that is a copy of a DNA gene”

42
Q

tRNA

A

“type of RNA that transports the amino acids into the ribosomes (in the correct order)”

43
Q

rRNA

A

type of RNA that forms the framework of ribosomes

44
Q

mutations

A

a change (error) in the sequence of genes

45
Q

replication

A

“process of copying each of the chromosomes in preparation for cell division”

46
Q

ORI’s

A

sites on the chromosomes where copying can start

47
Q

p53

A

protein that controls the restriction point at the end of G1 (decides if cells stay, divide, or die)

48
Q

crenation

A

shriveling of cell (hypertonic solution result)

49
Q

hypertrophy

A

enlargement of a cell (hypotonic solution result)

50
Q

simple diffusion

A

high to low movement across the phospholipid bilayers (occurs with H2O, CO2, O2, (and small lipids))

51
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

high to low movement via protein gates in the phospholipid bilayer

52
Q

osmosis

A

H2O movement from high to low concentrations

53
Q

cellular respiration

A

process of making ATP from glucose

54
Q

glycolysis

A

first step in respiration

55
Q

glycolysis

A

glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, and 2 FADH

56
Q

citric acid cycle (krebs cycle)

A

occurs in mitochondria’s cytoplasm, 2 pyruvate is broken down into Acetylcholine (ACh), 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH

57
Q

electron transport chain

A

occurs in mitochondria’s inner membrane (squiggly bit), 12 NADH is broken down into NAD, H+, 2 electrons, and 34-38 ATP

58
Q

6 characteristics of life

A

movement, responds to stimuli/environment, differentiation, metabolism, reproduction, growth

59
Q

3 parts of feedback loops

A
  1. stimuli
  2. control center (brain)
  3. effector
60
Q

how blood sugar is controlled

A
  1. receptors say blood sugar is high/low
  2. brain tells the pancreas to make insulin/glucagon
    3a. high- insulin opens liver cells, glucose is stored, blood sugar goes down
    3b. low- glucagon works in liver cells to release stored glucose, blood sugar rises
61
Q

important biological elements (9)

A

H, Na, K, Ca, C, Fe, O, N, Cl

62
Q

why does an atom picks up a charge and what charge would that be

A

ionic bonds give up or receive electrons, (give up electrons equals + charge, receive electrons equals - charge)

63
Q

why is water polar

A

oxygen is an electron hog making the atom bend and giving it slight charges (h+ and oxygen-)

64
Q

how does the hydrogen bonds happen between water molecules

A

opposite charges attract making the H+ in one H2O molecule attract the O- in another H2O (SLIGHT BONDS ONLY (draw with the multiple little lines))

65
Q

how does water ionize compounds and why is this so important

A

O- attracts Na+, H+ attracts Cl-, this allows our bodies to break down molecules and be able to use the individual elements

66
Q

3 most important inorganic chemical

A

H2O, CO2, O2

67
Q

normal blood pH range and how do you control this

A

7.35-7.45, CO2 levels in your blood (holding your breath lowers your blood pH, hyperventilating raises your blood pH)

68
Q

4 important organic chemicals

A

carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

69
Q

what shapes do proteins fold into

A

alpha helix spirals and beta pleated sheets

70
Q

why do proteins fold

A

the hydrogen bond in proteins causes this

71
Q

what happens when a protein is misfolded

A

a prion is made

72
Q

what are the parts of a nucleotide

A

phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base

73
Q

base pairing rules

A

DNA- AT, CG

RNA- UT, CG

74
Q

DNA

A

housed in 23 chromosomes in the nucleus, chromosomes are divided into sections called genes, genes hold the pattern for making specific proteins, doubled stranded, bases are A,T,C,G

75
Q

RNA

A

makes proteins, single strand, bases are A,U,C,G, can move, 3 types

76
Q

mRNA

A

copy of a DNA gene

77
Q

rRNA

A

makes up ribosomes

78
Q

tRNA

A

transports amino acids into the ribosomes

79
Q

RNA polymerase

A

makes a mRNA copy of a DNA gene

80
Q

DNA lygase

A

connects ORI’s sections together

81
Q

DNA polymerase

A

makes a copy of each chromosome

82
Q

DNA helicase

A

opens DNA strands during replication

83
Q

what is the role of methionine in life

A

(AUG), start codon, couldn’t make any proteins, no proteins no living

84
Q

nucleus

A

contains DNA

85
Q

nucleolus

A

makes ribosomes

86
Q

rough ER

A

folds proteins

87
Q

smooth ER

A

synthesizes lipids

88
Q

mitochondria

A

make ATP

89
Q

ribosomes

A

make proteins

90
Q

golgi body

A

packages proteins

91
Q

lysosomes

A

destroy waste

92
Q

isotonic solution

A

typical IV, .9% salt, eql amount of liquid and particles (used for mild dehydration and to increase blood volume)

93
Q

hypotonic solution

A
94
Q

hypertonic solution

A

> .9%, causes crenation (used when you’re too hydrated)

Anatomy and Physiology (15 decks)

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