Test Five Flashcards
Brodmann’s does what?
olfactory impulses are analyzed here
Where are endorphins made?
medulla of kidneys
hypercalcemia
high blood calcium levels
What type of hormone is T4?
“biogenic amine”
Grave’s disease
excess T3-T4 in adults
What lowers blood calcium levels
calcitonin
what does oxytocin do
stimulates labor contractions
dual innervation (what and where)
organs that have 2 separate nerve branches (major organs)
Which organs are slowed down by flight or fight response?
GI and urinary
goiter
lack of iodine creates enlarged thyroid
cholinergic
uses acetylcholine as it’s neurotransmitter
pituitary dwarfism
lack of GH
chemoreceptors
“axons of olfactory neurons exit through tiny holes in the ethmoid bone called the cribriform plate
choriod’s two functions
provides nutrients and absorbs light that has already been seen
What does the sympathetic nervous system do?
speeds things up
Which organs are speed up by flight or flight responses?
All except GI and urinary
paracrine
hormone that acts on a neighboring cell
optic disk
blind spot (site of optic nerve)
sound waves exit through this feature
round windows
function of eustachian tubes
act to stabilize fluid pressure in back of the tympanic membrane (drain fluid from middle ear)
pheromones
hormones that act on other animals
Cushing’s Syndrome
excess glucocorticoids
prolactin
controls milk production
diabetes mellitus
low/faulty insulin, blood sugar regulation problems, increased urinary output
two conditions for taste to work
“olfactory sensation (smell) must be present”
ingested food must be partially dissolved or the taste buds can’t work
sound waves enter this feature
oval window
eyes
bend light rays (refraction)
parathyroid hormone
raises blood calcium levels
cones
color, high light levels
How is the release of T4 controlled?
TSH
How is the release of endorphins controlled?
hypothalamus uses neurons
Where are sympathetic postganglionic neuron cell bodies found”
sympathetic chain ganglion
insulin (and what cell makes this)
lowers blood glucose and is made by beta cells
myxedema
low T3-T4 levels in adults
Acromegaly
excess GH post-puberty
iris
colored muscle that regulates pupil size
oxytocin
stimulates labor contractions
membrane bound binding sites
outside the cell and are for all non-lipid hormones
What do glucocorticoids do?
natural steroids from kidney cortex
T3-T4
control metabolism
WHere do sympathetic preganglionic neurons exit the CNS
T1-L2
3 functions of chaperone proteins
hide lipids so they don’t clump together
keep a constant supply of hormones in the blood
make tiny hormones (like T3-T4) larger so they aren’t filtered out by the kidneys
adrenergic
uses adrenaline as it’s neurotransmitter
describe the Renin/Angiotensin Pathway (what is this in response to and what is the end hormone)
kidneys recognize low blood pressure/volume and release renin, this converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I & II, finally aldosterone is released
what motor neuron is adrenergic?
sympathetic postganglionic motor neuron
anterior pituitary releases what hormones
TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, GH, PRL, endorphins
Where are parasympathetic neuron cell bodies found?
terminal axons
What are the 6 topic hormones?
LH prolactin melanocyte stimulating hormone TSH ACTH GH
endocrine
secretes directly into the blood
what two eye parts correct refraction?
cornea 60% and lens 40%
Where do parasympathetic preganglionic neurons exit the CNS
brain stem and S2-S4
What do endorphins do?
flight or flight response
rods
detect crude images, low light, no color vision
olfactory sense uses what?
chemoreceptors
autocrine
hormone secreted locally and acts on the cells that secreted them
who is the one adrenic autonomic nervous system motor neuron?
sympathetic postganglionic motor neuron
intracellular bind sites
inside the cell, for lipids and lipid hormones
macula lutea
area of eye with best visual acuit
calcitonin
lowers blood calcium levels
How is the release of oxytocin controlled?
hypothalamus neurons
What does the hypothalamus do?
makes oxytocin, ADH & releasing (tropic) hormones, sends releasing hormones to glands
aldosterone
increases blood pressure and volume
What organ is both exocrine and endocrine?
pancreas
What is glaucoma?
increase in pressure inside the eye (buildup of aqueous humor)
What kind of neurons are the special senses?
bipolar sensory neurosn
glucagon (and what cell makes this)
raises blood glucose and is made by alpha cells
What are cribriform plates?
tiny holes in the ethmoid bone
What raises blood calcium levels?
PTH
hormone that might cause excessive urination
low ADH, insulin
function of ossicles
help conduct sound waves to the inner ear
function of semilunar canals
have neurons that detect when head is in motion (dynamic equalibrium)
exocrine
have ducts, release onto skin or in the GI tract
posterior pituitary releases what hormones
oxytocin, ADH
What type of cell makes T4?
follicular cells in the thyroid
What does T4 do?
controls metabolism
What is refraction?
bending light rays
cretinism
low T3-T4 levels in infants
What connects the pituitary and the hypothalamus?
infundibulum
melanocyte stimulating hormone
makes melanin
How is the release of glucocorticoids controlled?
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?
slows things down
giantism
excess GH pre-puberty
LH
releasing hormone for ovaries and testes
Where are glucocorticoids stored?
kidney cortex
ADH
decreases urinary output, lack of this is diabetes insipidus
where is oxytocin stored?
posterior pituitary
Where are sympathetic postganglionic neuron cell bodies found?
Sympathetic chain ganglion
Where are the parasympathetic postganglionic neuron cell bodies found?
Terminal axons
Where do sympathetic preganglionic neurons exist the CNS?
T1-L2
Where do parasympathetic preganglionic neurons exit the CNS?
Brain stem and S2-S4
