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Anatomy and Physiology > *Final Exam > Flashcards

*Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Prostate

A

citric acid secretions (potential ATP source), enlarges with age, declotting factors

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2
Q

glomerulus

A

many folded capillaries

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3
Q

vas deferens

A

tube transports sperm back into body (outside for lower temp- dartos and cremaster muscles help this)

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4
Q

Plexus of Meissner

A

neurons for mucus glands (food lubrication) in submucosa layer

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5
Q

erythropoietin

A

growth factor synthesized by kidneys and functions in the differentiation of RBCs

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6
Q

4 breathing patterns

A
  • eupnea- normal breathing (16-20 per min)
  • apnea- temporary cessation of breathing (snoring, overweight, alcohol, preemies)
  • dyspnea- painful breathing
  • tachypnea- rapid breathing (~40 per min)
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7
Q

testosterone

A

major male hormone, made by leydig cells, male embryonic development, secondary traits, aggression

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8
Q

passive artificial immunity

A

antibody shot (rabies shots)

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9
Q

secondary oocyte (what and where)

A

telophase I, generates first polar body, in graafian follicle, becomes egg

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10
Q

Boyle’s law in relation to ventilation

A

relaxed diaphragm- lung and outside air pressure are equal (maybe 760mmHg)
diaphragm contracts, increases lung volume, LOWERING pressure
inhale- high pressure outside, low pressure inside pushes air in
air pressure goes to equal or slightly higher (780 mmHg)
relax the diaphragm- volume lowers, pressure inside increases, exhale

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11
Q

raphe

A

scrotal midline (used for surgery)

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12
Q

thymosin

A

thymus gland hormone that matures T cells after they leave the red bone marrow

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13
Q

uncontrolled diabetes and metabolic acidosis (why?)

A

can’t get glucose into cells to make ATP, so cells use fat for energy. when fats are converted to ATP, acidic ketones are produced, causing ketoacidosis (metabolic acidosis) in the blood

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14
Q

Juxtaglomerular cells

A

make renin, recognize low blood volume, starts renin-angiotensin pathway

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15
Q

salivary amylase

A

enzyme in saliva that breaks down carbs into sugars

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16
Q

Frank-Starling Law

A

increased preload causes increased contractility

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17
Q

passive natural immunity

A

mom and baby, breastmilk, placenta

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18
Q

Inhibin in females

A

stops FSH so pregnancy can progress, made by granulosa cells

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19
Q

What allows you to hold your breath?

A

cerebral cortex

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20
Q

larynx

A

anterior and inferior branch of pharynx, leads to respiratory system

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21
Q

active natural immunity

A

best, actually get disease (strep)

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22
Q

electrical conduction route through the heart

A

SA node, atria, AV node, atria contract together, bundle of His, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers, ventricles contract

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23
Q

ANP does what with the urinary system?

A

suppresses ADH and aldosterone, shuts down renin-angiotension pathway, promotes diuresis (urination)

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24
Q

estrogen

A

granulosa cells, secondary traits, embryo development, water balance, lowers cholesterol

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25
Q

T cells

A

combat intracellular antigens, these kill infected cells (Mr. T)

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26
Q

fimbriae

A

fingers, move egg to fallopian tubes

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27
Q

microvilli

A

tiny folds in the membrane of the epithelial cells lining the small intestine

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28
Q

Frank-Starling Law

A

increased preload causes increased contractility

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29
Q

Lack of ADH causes what?

A

diabetes insipidus

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30
Q

dysuria

A

painful urination

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31
Q

Where are all blood cells produced?

A

red bone marrow

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32
Q

progesterone (function and what cells produce)

A

from thecal cells of corpus luteum, pregnancy hormone, takes uterus from proliferative to secretory state, produce milk

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33
Q

uncontrolled diabetics and polyphagia (why?)

A

“uncontrolled diabetics have excessive glucose in the blood, but no insulin to open doorways for glucose to get into the cells. The cells are starving and sending the message to eat”

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34
Q

lymph nodes

A

ENCAPSULATED, found within vessels

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35
Q

zona pellucida

A

fluid layer initially seen in primary follicles, surrounds egg, immediately closes after fertilization (menstrual phase)

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36
Q

terminal bronchioles

A

smallest branches

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37
Q

What vessels surround the DCT and PCT?

A

peritubular capillaries

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38
Q

second line of defense

A

fever, phagocytic cells (WBCs), inflammatory response

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39
Q

polyuria

A

overproduction of urine

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40
Q

Pepsinogen/pepsin

A

HCl activates pepsinogen, converts it to pepsin, pepsin cuts up proteins into small strings called peptides

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41
Q

interleukins

A

“chemical messengers that coordinate the activities of the immune system”

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42
Q

corpus albicans

A

dead corpus luteum (no pregnancy) (post ovulatory phase)

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43
Q

uncontrolled diabetics and polyuria (why?)

A

with excess glucose in the blood, more is being filtered into the filtrate
the cell doors quickly reach Transport Maximum (Tm) and can’t get all the glucose back into the blood
“excess glucose goes down the descending limb, reversing osmosis, and making (LOTS OF) water enter the limb instead of leaving like it should”

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44
Q

kupffer cells

A

“major phagocytic cells of the liver”, destroy old RBCs, converts heme to bilirubin (enters bile, gives feces its color)
not working = chronic infections and jaundice (bilirubin buildup)

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45
Q

Acini cells

A

produce pancreatic juiceput HCO3- into pancreatic juice (which becomes sodium bicarbonate)
neutralizing acidic chyme entering small intestines
puts H+ into blood to correct alkaline nature
make the 8 pancreatic enzymes

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46
Q

renal autoregulation

A

ability of kidneys to maintain a constant glomerular filtration rate despite changes

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47
Q

segmentation

A

-muscles of the small intestine break chyme into sections and move it along
-breaks big fat globules into smaller globules
MAKES IT EASIER TO ABSORB FATS

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48
Q

antibodies (function and who makes)

A

made by B cells, destroy antigens

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49
Q

arytenoid cartilage

A

in back of larynx, controls movement of vocal chords

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50
Q

renal auto regulation

A

ability of kidneys to maintain a constant glomerular filtration rate despite changes

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51
Q

Juxtaglomerular apparatus (and what happens when you’re angry)

A

maintains normal glomerular blood pressure

EX- anger (causes BP to rise dramatically), juxtaglomerular apparatus will vasoconstrict afferent arterioles (less blood in) and vasodilate efferent arterioles (more blood out)

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52
Q

(increased) urinary frequency

A

voiding more than normal

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53
Q

primary oocyte (what and where)

A

prophase I, initial egg (crossing over & synapsis), in primordial follicle (all eggs are frozen in this state)

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54
Q

secondary bronchi

A

branches leading to lobes of lungs

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55
Q

What are reticulocytes and what makes them so odd?

A

immature RBCs that have expunged their nucleus and kept their organelles (mature RBC’s have no organelles)

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56
Q

neutrophils

A

phagocytic WBC that is first to a wound site

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57
Q

Bohr effect

A

(how pH affects affinity)

CO2 from tissues goes to blood
this causes acidosis (it’s generating H+ from H2O)
hemoglobin recognizes the pH drop and lets go of its O2
hemoglobing then picks up the extra H+, rasing pH

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58
Q

apneustic center

A

slows down respiration

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59
Q

Lack of ADH causes what?

A

diabetes insipidus

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60
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

produce sperm (in lobules)

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61
Q

leydig cells

A

make testosterone

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62
Q

interferon

A

chemicals that warn healthy cells of a virus

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63
Q

intercalated cells

A

cells involved in pH adjustment (compensatory response cells, move H+ between blood and filtrate)

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64
Q

Trypsinogen/trypsin

A

enterokinase activates trypsinogen, converts it to trypsin, trypsin then activates the protein enzymes (elastase, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase)

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65
Q

asthma

A

spasm of smooth muscle walls of the terminal bronchioles

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66
Q

nocturia

A

excessive urination at night (because of posteral change)

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67
Q

is it possible to become pregnant without the big LH surge?

A

No, without the LH surge the egg can’t rupture the graafian follicle and can’t be released

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68
Q

Dalton’s Law

A

“each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure, as if all other gases were not present” (look at each gas individually)

partial pressure- pressure exerted by an individual gas (lower at altitudes… also what medicine is really interested in)

69
Q

cardiac output (what, normal output, and calculate)

A

amount of blood pumped out by the left ventricle in one minute, 4-6L DON’T FORGET IT IS IN LITERS FOR MINUTE, SV X HR = CO

70
Q

Two types of alveolar cells

A
  • type I alveolar cells- “gas exchange between air and blood happens across these cells”
  • type II alveolar cells- make surfactant
71
Q

principal cells

A

BIND SITES for ADH and aldosterone (goal- boost low blood volume and pressure)

72
Q

pharynx

A

common tube for food and air

73
Q

intrinsic clotting pathway

A

activated by trauma inside the vascular system (minor cuts)

74
Q

pancreatic amylase

A

breaks down carbs into disaccharides in the small intestine

75
Q

graafian follicle

A

mature secondary follicle (preovulatory phase)

76
Q

lymph nodules

A

“clusters of lymphocytes embedded on reticular fibers within mucus membranes”

77
Q

parietal cells

A

contain enzyme carbonic anhydrase
also run CO2 + H2O ⇔ HCO3- + H+ reaction
put H+ into stomach to make HCl
put HCO3- into blood (alkaline, neutralizes H+)

78
Q

tunica albuginea

A

fibrous, forms incomplete septa

79
Q

8 pancreatic enzymes and what they break down into

A 
pancreatic amylase - disaccharides
pancreatic lipase - fats
ribonuclease - nucleic acids
deoxyribonuclease - nucleic acids
trypsinogen (inactive) - converted by enzyme enterokinase into trypsin
TRYPSIN THEN ACTIVATES...
chymotrypsin - proteins
elastase - proteins
carboxypepsidase - proteins
80
Q

enterokinase

A

activates trypsinogen

81
Q

What does the chorion do?

A

fetal part of placenta, allows nutrients to pass, fits in secretory folds

82
Q

varicocele

A

Varicose vein in testes causes infertility by raising temperature (killing sperm)

83
Q

MAC

A

membrane attack complex

84
Q

humoral pathway (targets what, who are the main cells)

A

(blood pathway for disease prevention- targets pathogen)

  • B cell is activated, ingests pathogen
  • B cell attaches epitope to MHC II marker (antigen presentation)
  • Th cell binds to MHC II, produces interleukin II
  • interleukin II pushes B cell to divide into 2 groups: memory cells and plasma cells (plasma cells make antibodies)
85
Q

blood pressure (what and normal numbers)

A

pressure of blood against in the inside wall of a blood vessel, 120/80

86
Q

Plexus of Auerbach

A

neurons that stimulate peristalsis in muscularis layer

87
Q

antrum

A

gathered vesicles, form graafian follicle (preovulatory phase) (Mike Wazowski smile)

88
Q

is it possible to become pregnant without the big LH surge?

A

No, without the LH surge the egg can’t rupture the graafian follicle and can’t be released

89
Q

2 digestive system cells that run the carbonic anhydrase reaction, where they are, and what their purpose is

A

parietal cells- stomach, contain carbonic anhydrase and run reaction
puts H+ into stomach (makes HCl)
puts HCO3- into blood (alkaline, neutralizes H+)
acini cells- produce pancreatic juice
put HCO3- into pancreatic juice, neutralizes acidic chyme entering small intestine
puts H+ into blood to correct its alkaline (pH 7.35-7.45) nature

90
Q

monocytes

A

differentiate into macrophages which clean up dead cells

91
Q

What does the ascending loop do?

A

impermeable to water, also Na+ is actively pumped back out to tissues here

92
Q

acid reflux disease

A

caused by a defective cardiac sphincter, acid rises into esophagus, results in damage to esophageal wall (as there is no protective mucus)

93
Q

Macula Densa cells

A

ascending tubule cells in region where it makes contact with afferent arterioles (CONNECTS TUBES TO BLOOD)

94
Q

hemoglobin and iron

A

protein that carries oxygen inside a RBC, oxygen binds to the iron in the hemoglobin

95
Q

cricoid cartilage

A

only cartilage ring to completely surround airway

96
Q

LH in females

A

ruptures follicle, ovulation

97
Q

mixing waves

A

mechanical action the the stomach created by peristalis, churning creates this

98
Q

first line of defense

A

barriers (skin, mucus, tears)

99
Q

GnRH in females

A

releases FSH

100
Q

sertoli cells

A

span seminiferous tubule walls, nurtures germ cells in spermatogenesis

101
Q

Juxtaglomerular apparatus (and what happens when you’re angry)

A

maintains normal glomerular blood pressure

EX- anger (causes BP to rise dramatically), juxtaglomerular apparatus will vasoconstrict afferent arterioles (less blood in) and vasodilate efferent arterioles (more blood out)

102
Q

Sympathetic response does what to blood pressure?

A

raises it by vasoconstriction

103
Q

Pregnancy occurs on what days of a 28 day cycle?

A

14th most likely, 15th maybe

104
Q

reabsorption

A

occurs between proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) and peritubular capillaries, ESPECIALLY glucose and water

105
Q

eosinophils

A

-respond to parasitic infections -type of leukocyte that makes ANTIHISTAMINE HISTAMINASE which shuts down the inflammatory response

106
Q

primordial follicle

A

primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of granulosa cells

107
Q

FSH in females

A

takes primordial follicles to primary follicles, oogenesis

108
Q

Describe the role of prothrombinase in cuts

A

it activates prothrombin turning it into thrombin which converts fibrinogen into fibrin threads (bloot clots)

109
Q

MHC II

A

“special markers embedded in the membranes of macrophages and B cells” (ID epitopes of invaders for T cells)

110
Q

compensatory response

A

when kidneys correct acidosis caused by respiratory system (body isn’t going to just give up)

111
Q

What does the descending limb do?

A

Na+ concentration gradient is higher outside of descending limb, so water is forced OUT the entire length of this and the Loop of Henle (60L)

112
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

“pressure of a gas in a closed container is inversely proportional to the volume of that container”

113
Q

thyroid cartilage

A

Adam’s apple, front and side of larynx

114
Q

Hyaline Membrane Disease (why and how do you treat)

A

no surfactant before 40 weeks, so preemies can’t break the hydrogen bonds (water surface tension) to reinflate the alveoli
solution- shoot mom with a steroid, give baby surfactant

115
Q

pneumotaxic center

A

speeds up respiration

116
Q

basophils

A

produce histamines (inflammatory chemicals that vasodilate wound site)

117
Q

thymus gland

A

matures T cells

118
Q

cell mediated pathway (targets what, who are the main cells)

A

(Targets infected cells)

  1. MHC 2 takes the epitopes the B-cells have pulled of in Humoral immunity and waves them around (antigen presentation)
  2. Tc cells recognize these MHC 2 cells as viruses (remember, MHC 2 is holding onto a piece of the virus)
  3. The Th cells then activate these Tc cells, who proved to roam around the body looking for infected cells that have these epitome markers
  4. If they find these epitope markers in one of your body cells, the Tc cells produce perforin, puncturing the infected cell and stopping the virus from spreading
119
Q

FSH in males

A

binds to sertoli cells and with testosterone promotes spermatogenesis

120
Q

LH in males

A

binds to leydig cells to make testosterone

121
Q

NK cells

A

kill body cells that aren’t right (tumors) (Police)

122
Q

secretion (digestive system)

A

depositing of enzymes into the GI tract (a key function of the pancreas)

123
Q

2 endometrial layers

A

functional- sheds

basal- regeneration occurs here

124
Q

Parasympathetic response does what to blood pressure?

A

lowers it by vasodilation

125
Q

chief cells

A

secrete inactive pepsinogen

126
Q

2 kinds of stomach cells

A

chief cells- secrete inactive enzyme pepsinogen
parietal cells- contain enzyme carbonic anhydrase, also run CO2 + H2O ⇔ HCO3- + H+ reaction, put H+ into stomach to make HCl, put HCO3- into blood (alkaline, neurtralizes H+)

127
Q

GnRH in males

A

releases LH/FSH

128
Q

thecal cells

A

fluid capsule, makes progesterone (menstrual phase)

129
Q

trachea

A

tube of ‘C’ shaped cartilage open in back for esophagus to swallow

130
Q

hepatocytes

A

make bile
store glycogen (carbs) and fat soluble vitamins (like vitamin K)
make plasma proteins
albumin- controls osmosis, failure = ascites
alpha & beta globulins
compliment proteins- low = prone to bleeding
prothrombin- bruising
fibrinogen- more bruising

131
Q

cryptorchidism

A

Undescended testicles, fix before the age of 2 or higher cancer rate / damage by body heat

132
Q

relaxin

A

made by granulosa cells after it becomes the corpus luteum, relaxes uterus

133
Q

functions of the lymphatic system

A

defense, fat absorption (through lacteals, fluid balance (BHP moves 30L of fluid a day, BCOP pushes 27L back in, the extra 3L is picked up by the lymphatic capillaries)

134
Q

extrinsic clotting pathway

A

activated by external trauma that causes blood to escape from the vascular system (major bleeding)

135
Q

What does the amnion do?

A

encases baby, filled with fetal urine, cushions, amniocentesis tests fluid in here for women over 35 (because higher birth defects)

136
Q

B cells

A

lymphocytes that combat extracellular antigens, have the capacity to make a memory of that antigen” function by producing plasma cells which make antibodies (taggers) (Mothership)

137
Q

urinary retention

A

failure to release urine

138
Q

5 male hormones

A

LH, FSH, inhibin, GnRH, adn testosterone

139
Q

seminal vesicles

A

secretions contain fructose (energy source), alkaline to neutralize FEMALE urine, clotting factors (clump sperm to protect from urine), prostaglandins ( help sperm motility and viability)

140
Q

leukocytosis (what and cause)

A

high WBC count (bacterial infection)

141
Q

active artificial immunity

A

vaccines like chicken pox, DPT, MMR (inject epitopes at no risk, not true of weak/dead virus)

142
Q

aminopeptidase

A

brush border enzyme, along with carboxypeptidase cut individual amino acids off strings of carboxyl and amino acids

143
Q

respiratory acidosis

A

lower than normal blood pH due to too much CO2 (anything that prevents blowing off CO2, shifts reaction to the left creating acidosis)

144
Q

filtration

A

non-selective (anything is filtered), main thing happening between glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

145
Q

What hormone releases bile?

A

Cholecystokinin

146
Q

respiratory alkalosis

A

higher than normal pH (caused by hyperventilation)

147
Q

Where are the pneumotaxic and apneustic centers?

A

the pons

148
Q

stroke volume (what, normal volume, calculate)

A

avg. 70mL, amount pumped out by the left ventricle with each contraction, end diastolic volume minus end systolic volume

149
Q

What vessels surround the ascending limb, descending limb, and loop of Henle?

A

vas erecta

150
Q

corpus luteum

A

repaired corpus hemorrhagicum, makes estrogen & progesterone (support for first 14 days) (post ovulatory phase)

151
Q

acrosome

A

cap of sperm, enzymes (all sperm release enzymes at once)

152
Q

Where is testosterone produced?

A

leydig cells

153
Q

lysozyme

A

enzyme in saliva that destroys bacterial membranes

154
Q

primary bronchi

A

2 branches leading to the lungs

155
Q

bronchioles

A

smaller branches

156
Q

brush border cells

A

line microvilli, make enzymes (enterokinase (which activates trypsinogen), aminopepsidase (for proteins), and carb enzymes (the amylases))

157
Q

ectopic sites

A

small group of heart muscles can become over excited, raise heart rate to 210+ bpm (too fast for the heart to fill completely)

158
Q

chylomicrons

A

golgi body of brush border cells package lipids for export in these structures (which go to lacteals)

159
Q

What is prothrombinase the result of?

A

end product of intrinsic and extrinsic pathways

160
Q

B cell nucleotide shuffling

A

creates different mRNA codons for each new infection

161
Q

leukopenia (what and cause)

A

low WBC count (usually viral infection)

162
Q

testicular torsion

A

Testes flip and turn. Cuts off blood supply (painful), 1 hour to save testes

163
Q

inhibin in males

A

stops FSH (spermatogenesis) when the ampulla is full

164
Q

epitopes

A

“foreign markers on the surface of microbes capable of eliciting an immune response”

165
Q

HGC

A

chorion cells make HCG to keep corpus luteum going after 21 days, only make when you are pregnant, high levels equal twins or Downs

166
Q

bulbourethral gland

A

“highly alkaline secretions are activated during arousal to clean acidic urine from the MALE urethra” B-boy

167
Q

epididymis

A

duct, matures sperm

168
Q

What does the yolk sac do?

A

outside placenta, forms blood cells, contains germ cells

169
Q

corpus hemorrhagicum

A

damaged follicle left by ovulation (ovulatory phase)

Anatomy and Physiology (15 decks)

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