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Anatomy and Physiology > Test Four > Flashcards

Test Four Flashcards

1
Q

serotonin

A

stimulates happiness, lack of this causes depression

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2
Q

melatonin

A

sleep wake cycle, pineal gland

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3
Q

dopamine

A

“allow antagonistic muscles to relax” arm/leg- parkoinson’s

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4
Q

GABA

A

“allow antagonistic muscles to relax” face/neck- Huntington’s

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5
Q

endorphins

A

type of neurotransmitter that significantly blocks pain

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6
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A

“general sensory neuron cell bodies are located in specific structures NEAR the spinal cord” (exposed)

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7
Q

ventral root ganglion

A

“motor neurons cell bodies are found IN the spinal cord” (protected by rib cage)

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8
Q

general sensory neurons (type of pole, where do they go, functions)

A

unipolar, Dorsal root ganglion, senses pain, pressure, touch, temp

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9
Q

autonomic sensory neurons (what, where)

A

sensory and motor neurons in major organs

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10
Q

somatic nervous system would have what kinds of difficulties?

A

sensory neurons in skin, motor neurons carry info to skeletal muscles —would have problems with voluntary muscle control

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11
Q

motor cell neuron bodies (where, what)

A

IN spinal cord (ventral root ganglion)

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12
Q

uni vs. multipolar neurons

A

unipolar- general sensory neurons, multipolar- classic neuron drawing (all motor and association neurons)

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13
Q

what do terminal end bulbs synapse with?

A

axon hillocks and dendrites, can also be with muscles (post synaptic neurons)

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14
Q

diverging circuit

A

“1 presynaptic neuron synapses with MANY postsynaptic neurons”

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15
Q

reverberating circuits

A

info is looped from 1 neuron an THIS IS SHORT TERM MEMORY

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16
Q

ion channel opening/gating- chemical

A

opened by neurotransmitters

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17
Q

ion channel opening/gatings- voltage

A

(na+) opened by moving ions

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18
Q

monosynaptic arcs (reflexes)

A

sensory neuron connects directly to the motor neuron (knee jerk)

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19
Q

polysynaptic arcs (reflexes)

A

sensory neuron must connect to at least 2 association neuron, redirects to a different place

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20
Q

2 important properties of receiving neurons

A
  • membrane potential

- ion channels

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21
Q

absolute refractory periods

A

“the period of time during which a second action potential can’t be initiated” (NEURON IS COMPLETELY DEPOLARIZED)

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22
Q

relative refractory period

A

the cell has reestablished a little bit of membrane potential. it can receive another stimulus but only if the number adding up at the trigger zone is MUCH higher than the threshold (-55mV)

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23
Q

How do neurons depolarize?

A

Na+ ions enter neuron (creating an equal charge)

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24
Q

How do neurons repolarize?

A

K+ ions leave the neuron (by removing some = ions the next charge starts to become negative in the cell)

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25
Q

sensory neurons have to connect to association neurons (why?

A

only CNS can analyze information

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26
Q

functioning vs. nonfunctioning thalamus gland

A

functioning- crude analysis

nonfunctioning- info doesn’t go to brain

27
Q

medulla role

A

respiratory center

28
Q

cerebellum role

A

posture DON’T NEED THIS TO LIVE

29
Q

choroid plexus role

A

makes CSF (capillaries and ependymal cells)

30
Q

function of gnostic system

A

combines info from all lobes so you can analyze it

31
Q

reflex integration (location)

A

spinal cord (association neurons)

32
Q

frontal lobes do what

A

personality, intellect, emotion

33
Q

premotor cortex

A

voluntary movements

34
Q

corpus callosum role

A

commisural fibers that connect cerebral hemispheres

35
Q

gyrus

A

folds of brain in cerebebrum

36
Q

central sulcus

A

groove that separates frontal and parietal lobes

37
Q

cortex vs. association neurons of cerebrum

A

cortex- receive and integrates real time info

association- integrates past experiences (associates things!!!)

38
Q

astrocytes

A

Blood brain barrier, CNS, star shaped, “perivascular feet” CONTROLS WHAT ENTERS THE BRAIN

39
Q

schwann

A

PNS only, myelin sheath cells in PNS

40
Q

microglial

A

“phagocytic cells of CNS” (keeps brain free of infection)

41
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

CNS only, myelin sheath cells in the CNS

42
Q

ependymal cells

A

make CSF

43
Q

Blood Brain Barrier (5 things you need to know)

A
  • capillaries
  • fenestrations
  • astrocytes
  • perivascular feet
  • tight junctions
44
Q

white vs. gray mater (Why their appearance and function)

A

white matter- has myelin sheaths on axons

gray- neuron cell bodies

45
Q

midbrain problem

A

parkinsons

46
Q

inferior colliculus problem

A

no reflex to sound

47
Q

superior colliculus problem

A

no reflex to visual

48
Q

occipital lobe problems

A

vision problems

49
Q

somatosensory area problems

A

can’t feel light touch, pain, sensations (general sensatory things)

50
Q

brocha’s are problems

A

can’t speak

51
Q

wernicke’s area problems

A

babbling (non intellectual speech)

52
Q

spinothalamic ascending tract problem

A

can’t feel pain (BECAUSE YOU DON’T HAVE THIS— EXAMPLE OF THE LITTLE GIRL)

53
Q

Parkinson’s (what, where, or why)

A

low/no dopamine, arm/leg

54
Q

huntington’s (what, where, or why)

A

low/no GABA, face/neck

55
Q

meningitis (and test)

A

infection/inflammation in meninges (spinal tap)

56
Q

encephalitis

A

infection/inflammation of the brain

57
Q

list the 3 meninges and their llocation

A

dura mater- outer
arachnoid mater- middle
pia mater- inner

58
Q

list the membrane spaces (Which has CSF, hematomas, anesthesia?)

A

epidural space- between bone and dura mater- anesthesia
subdural space- between dura and arachnoid mater- hematomas
subarachnoid space- between arachnoid and pia mater- CSF

59
Q

resting membrane potential in MV?

A

-70mV

60
Q

threshold in mV?

A

-55mV

61
Q

EPSP

A

total charge is POSITIVE

62
Q

IPSP

A

total charge is NEGATIVE

63
Q

What happens if mV is above the threshold (or at threshold)

A

signal will travel down the postsynaptic neuron (signal will be sent)

64
Q

What happens if the signal is below threshold?

A

Signal will be aborted (will not feel)

Anatomy and Physiology (15 decks)

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