Test Four Flashcards
serotonin
stimulates happiness, lack of this causes depression
melatonin
sleep wake cycle, pineal gland
dopamine
“allow antagonistic muscles to relax” arm/leg- parkoinson’s
GABA
“allow antagonistic muscles to relax” face/neck- Huntington’s
endorphins
type of neurotransmitter that significantly blocks pain
dorsal root ganglion
“general sensory neuron cell bodies are located in specific structures NEAR the spinal cord” (exposed)
ventral root ganglion
“motor neurons cell bodies are found IN the spinal cord” (protected by rib cage)
general sensory neurons (type of pole, where do they go, functions)
unipolar, Dorsal root ganglion, senses pain, pressure, touch, temp
autonomic sensory neurons (what, where)
sensory and motor neurons in major organs
somatic nervous system would have what kinds of difficulties?
sensory neurons in skin, motor neurons carry info to skeletal muscles —would have problems with voluntary muscle control
motor cell neuron bodies (where, what)
IN spinal cord (ventral root ganglion)
uni vs. multipolar neurons
unipolar- general sensory neurons, multipolar- classic neuron drawing (all motor and association neurons)
what do terminal end bulbs synapse with?
axon hillocks and dendrites, can also be with muscles (post synaptic neurons)
diverging circuit
“1 presynaptic neuron synapses with MANY postsynaptic neurons”
reverberating circuits
info is looped from 1 neuron an THIS IS SHORT TERM MEMORY
ion channel opening/gating- chemical
opened by neurotransmitters
ion channel opening/gatings- voltage
(na+) opened by moving ions
monosynaptic arcs (reflexes)
sensory neuron connects directly to the motor neuron (knee jerk)
polysynaptic arcs (reflexes)
sensory neuron must connect to at least 2 association neuron, redirects to a different place
2 important properties of receiving neurons
- membrane potential
- ion channels
absolute refractory periods
“the period of time during which a second action potential can’t be initiated” (NEURON IS COMPLETELY DEPOLARIZED)
relative refractory period
the cell has reestablished a little bit of membrane potential. it can receive another stimulus but only if the number adding up at the trigger zone is MUCH higher than the threshold (-55mV)
How do neurons depolarize?
Na+ ions enter neuron (creating an equal charge)
How do neurons repolarize?
K+ ions leave the neuron (by removing some = ions the next charge starts to become negative in the cell)
sensory neurons have to connect to association neurons (why?
only CNS can analyze information
functioning vs. nonfunctioning thalamus gland
functioning- crude analysis
nonfunctioning- info doesn’t go to brain
medulla role
respiratory center
cerebellum role
posture DON’T NEED THIS TO LIVE
choroid plexus role
makes CSF (capillaries and ependymal cells)
function of gnostic system
combines info from all lobes so you can analyze it
reflex integration (location)
spinal cord (association neurons)
frontal lobes do what
personality, intellect, emotion
premotor cortex
voluntary movements
corpus callosum role
commisural fibers that connect cerebral hemispheres
gyrus
folds of brain in cerebebrum
central sulcus
groove that separates frontal and parietal lobes
cortex vs. association neurons of cerebrum
cortex- receive and integrates real time info
association- integrates past experiences (associates things!!!)
astrocytes
Blood brain barrier, CNS, star shaped, “perivascular feet” CONTROLS WHAT ENTERS THE BRAIN
schwann
PNS only, myelin sheath cells in PNS
microglial
“phagocytic cells of CNS” (keeps brain free of infection)
oligodendrocytes
CNS only, myelin sheath cells in the CNS
ependymal cells
make CSF
Blood Brain Barrier (5 things you need to know)
- capillaries
- fenestrations
- astrocytes
- perivascular feet
- tight junctions
white vs. gray mater (Why their appearance and function)
white matter- has myelin sheaths on axons
gray- neuron cell bodies
midbrain problem
parkinsons
inferior colliculus problem
no reflex to sound
superior colliculus problem
no reflex to visual
occipital lobe problems
vision problems
somatosensory area problems
can’t feel light touch, pain, sensations (general sensatory things)
brocha’s are problems
can’t speak
wernicke’s area problems
babbling (non intellectual speech)
spinothalamic ascending tract problem
can’t feel pain (BECAUSE YOU DON’T HAVE THIS— EXAMPLE OF THE LITTLE GIRL)
Parkinson’s (what, where, or why)
low/no dopamine, arm/leg
huntington’s (what, where, or why)
low/no GABA, face/neck
meningitis (and test)
infection/inflammation in meninges (spinal tap)
encephalitis
infection/inflammation of the brain
list the 3 meninges and their llocation
dura mater- outer
arachnoid mater- middle
pia mater- inner
list the membrane spaces (Which has CSF, hematomas, anesthesia?)
epidural space- between bone and dura mater- anesthesia
subdural space- between dura and arachnoid mater- hematomas
subarachnoid space- between arachnoid and pia mater- CSF
resting membrane potential in MV?
-70mV
threshold in mV?
-55mV
EPSP
total charge is POSITIVE
IPSP
total charge is NEGATIVE
What happens if mV is above the threshold (or at threshold)
signal will travel down the postsynaptic neuron (signal will be sent)
What happens if the signal is below threshold?
Signal will be aborted (will not feel)
