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Anatomy and Physiology > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Why are intercalated discs with their gap junctions so important?

A

“gap junctions in the intercalated discs allow electrical signals from the SA node to pass through the discs smoothly, keeping the heart chambers beating in rhythm”

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2
Q

Relative refraction period

A

Can imitate a second action potential BUT ONLY IF THE CHARGE IS MUCH HIGHER

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3
Q

Latent period (why)

A

Takes a moment for ca+ to move across the elk membrane

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4
Q

triglycerides

A

basic fat, made of a glycerol and 3 fatty acid tails

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5
Q

isometric contraction

A

muscle tenses but doesn’t shorten (trying to pick up a METRIC ton)

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6
Q

collagen fibers

A

parallel bundles, strong but flexible, gives bones its flexibility

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7
Q

autonomic sensory neurons (what, where)

A

sensory and motor neurons in major organs

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8
Q

What are the 4 phases for a twitch contraction?

A
  • latent phase- waiting for calcium ions to enter channel
  • contraction phase- cell depolarizes, making charges equal on both sides
  • refractory phase- cell is completely depolarized, “at the refractory phase the cell has lost its membrane potential and can’t respond to a stimulus from another neuron”
  • repolarization (relaxation) phase- ATP pumps sodium out of the cell, restoring the membrane potential
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9
Q

How do neurons depolarize?

A

Na+ ions enter neuron (creating an equal charge)

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10
Q

eccrine glands

A

sudoriferous (sweat) glands all over the body (active at birth)

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11
Q

What is the epimysium and what type of tissue is it?

A

wraps around ENTIRE muscles (dense irregular CT)

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12
Q

sound waves enter this feature

A

oval window

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13
Q

broca’s area problems

A

can’t speak

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14
Q

Temporal lobe role

A

Olfactory and hearing

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15
Q

intracellular bind sites

A

inside the cell, for lipids and lipid hormones

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16
Q

Who are the contractile proteins?

A

actin and myosin

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17
Q

glycosidic bonds

A

formed between saccharides

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18
Q

Where are simple columnar epithelial cells found?

A

GI tract

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19
Q

hypertonic solution

A

> .9%, causes crenation (used when you’re too hydrated)

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20
Q

What type of cell makes T4?

A

follicular cells in the thyroid

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21
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

tube that wraps around myofibril and contains many calcium ions

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22
Q

What layer of skin is only on the palms and soles?

A

Stratum lucidum

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23
Q

Is the Krebs cycle aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Aerobic

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24
Q

hypotonic solution

A
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25
Q

Where are glucocorticoids stored?

A

kidney cortex

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26
Q

Where are simple columnar epithelial cells found?

A

GI tract

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27
Q

Where are transitional epithelial cells found?

A

Bladder

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28
Q

Temporal lobe role

A

Olfactory and hearing

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29
Q

LH

A

releasing hormone for ovaries and testes

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30
Q

extrapyramidal tracts

A

“carry info that allows for automated muscular movement (like posture)”

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31
Q

posterior pituitary releases what hormones

A

oxytocin, ADH

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32
Q

What are dense bodies?

A

structures to which intermediate filaments attach in smooth muscles to move

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33
Q

ionic bonds

A

give up or take electrons

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34
Q

apocrine

A

secrete by breaking off corners (found in groin, axillary regions; puberty)

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35
Q

exocrine glands

A

have ducts, 3 types (merocrine, apocrine, holocrine)

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36
Q

organical chemicals

A

made of carbon AND hydrogen (ex- carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)

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37
Q

Is myosin thick or thin and does it slide or rotate?

A

thick, rotate

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38
Q

reverse isolation

A

hospital must protect the patient from us

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39
Q

simple diffusion

A

high to low movement across the phospholipid bilayers (occurs with H2O, CO2, O2, (and small lipids))

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40
Q

Where are stratified squamous epithelial cells found?

A

Skin

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41
Q

oxytocin

A

stimulates labor contractions

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42
Q

What are the 6 topic hormones?

A 
LH
prolactin
melanocyte stimulating hormone
TSH
ACTH 
GH
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43
Q

What charge in depolarized cell?

A

Equal

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44
Q

motor cell neuron bodies (where, what)

A

IN spinal cord (ventral root ganglion)

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45
Q

Temporal lobe role

A

Olfactory and hearing

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46
Q

list the 3 exocrine gland groups, what they do, and an example of where they are found

A
  • merocrine- secretion is packaged by golgi apparatus as vesicles (salivary glands and pancreas)
  • apocrine- secrete by breaking off corners (found in groin, axillary regions; puberty)
  • holocrine- fill until cell explodes (sebaceous glands, oils)
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47
Q

sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm of muscle cell

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48
Q

premotor cortex

A

voluntary movements

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49
Q

Where are transitional epithelial cells found?

A

Bladder

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50
Q

Where do parasympathetic preganglionic neurons exit the CNS?

A

Brain stem and S2-S4

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51
Q

Where are simple cuboidal epithelial cells found?

A

Glands

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52
Q

calcitriol

A

most active form of vitamin D (D3)

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53
Q

list the membrane spaces (Which has CSF, hematomas, anesthesia?)

A

epidural space- between bone and dura mater- anesthesia
subdural space- between dura and arachnoid mater- hematomas
subarachnoid space- between arachnoid and pia mater- CSF

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54
Q

Relative refraction period

A

Can imitate a second action potential BUT ONLY IF THE CHARGE IS MUCH HIGHER

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55
Q

Where are stratified cuboidal epithelial cells found?

A

Ducts of large exocrine glands

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56
Q

What controls smooth multi unit muscles?

A

nerves

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57
Q

Where is simple squamous epithelium found?

A

Alveoli

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58
Q

metabolism

A

total of all chemical reactions happening in the body

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59
Q

Where is simple squamous epithelium found?

A

Alveoli

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60
Q

Relative refraction period

A

Can imitate a second action potential BUT ONLY IF THE CHARGE IS MUCH HIGHER

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61
Q

myomesin

A

protein that makes up the M line

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62
Q

what two eye parts correct refraction?

A

cornea 60% and lens 40%

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63
Q

Ground fibers (definition)

A

basic substance of soft and dense ct

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64
Q

Where do sympathetic preganglionic neurons exit the CNS

A

T1-L2

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65
Q

What do the three primary germ layers all have in common?

A

They all make epithelial cells

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66
Q

What are the 4 qualities of cardiac muscle?

A

-involuntary -highly elongated -intercalated discs -autorhythmic

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67
Q

glucagon

A

raises blood sugar, releases glucose from liver cells

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68
Q

Where are stratified cuboidal epithelial cells found?

A

Ducts of large exocrine glands

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69
Q

What layer of skin is only on the palms and soles?

A

Stratum lucidum

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70
Q

glycolysis (definition)

A

first step in respiration

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71
Q

endocrine

A

secretes directly into the blood

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72
Q

what is the role of methionine in life

A

(AUG), start codon, couldn’t make any proteins, no proteins no living

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73
Q

What two molecules travel by facilitated diffusion?

A

Hydrogen and glucose

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74
Q

6 classes of bones (with example)

A
  • long bones- tibia
  • short bones- carpals/tarsals
  • sesamoid bones- patella
  • irregular bones- vertebrae
  • flat- skull
  • Wormian (sutural) bones- between skull sutures
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75
Q

insulin

A

lowers blood sugar, opens cell to usher in glucose

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76
Q

glucagon (and what cell makes this)

A

raises blood glucose and is made by alpha cells

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77
Q

differentiation

A

“process of specializing a cell from an unspecialized state to a specialized state”

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78
Q

Acetylcholine does what to cardiac muscles?

A

Inhibits them

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79
Q

neutrophils

A

phagocytic- leave blood, enter wound, eat up bad stuff (calvary/k’N’ights)

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80
Q

carbohydrates

A

“provide the immediate and preferred energy source to the body”

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81
Q

reflex integration (location)

A

spinal cord (association neurons)

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82
Q

ectoderm

A

outside, epithelial (skin), nervous

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83
Q

anterior pituitary releases what hormones

A

TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, GH, PRL, endorphins

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84
Q

citric acid cycle (krebs cycle)

A

occurs in mitochondria’s cytoplasm, 2 pyruvate is broken down into Acetylcholine (ACh), 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH

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85
Q

lipids

A

“provide stored energy”

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86
Q

Perichondrium

A

Membrane surrounding cartilage in the bones and HOUSES THE OSTEOPROGENITORS

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87
Q

Where are stratified cuboidal epithelial cells found?

A

Ducts of large exocrine glands

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88
Q

Where are simple columnar epithelial cells found?

A

GI tract

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89
Q

Where are pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells found?

A

Upper respiratory and Fallopian tubes

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90
Q

optic disk

A

blind spot (site of optic nerve)

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91
Q

What type of fibers make up stroma?

A

Reticular

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92
Q

What are the three tumor types?

A

Carcinoma (epithelial)

Sarcoma (connective)

Leukemia (WBC)

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93
Q

Is the Krebs cycle aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Aerobic

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94
Q

rRNA

A

type of RNA that forms the framework of ribosomes

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95
Q

Where is ca+ and when is it used?

A

stored in sarcoplasmic reticulum, pull off the troponin so the tropomyosin can roll back and the muscle can contract

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96
Q

non polar covalent bonds

A

share electrons equally BUT DON’T DISSOLVE IN H2O, fats

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97
Q

What occurs during membrane potential? (contraction or relaxation)

A

Relaxation

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98
Q

hormone that might cause excessive urination

A

low ADH, insulin

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99
Q

Brodmann’s area does what?

A

olfactory impulses are analyzed here

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100
Q

mRNA

A

“type of RNA that is a copy of a DNA gene”

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101
Q

Relative refraction period

A

Can imitate a second action potential BUT ONLY IF THE CHARGE IS MUCH HIGHER

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102
Q

Hypothalamus

A

ANS, connects nervous system and endocrine system (EX OF EPINEPHRINE)

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103
Q

function of semilunar canals

A

have neurons that detect when head is in motion (dynamic equalibrium)

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104
Q

contact inhibition

A

when the stratum basale cells meet, it stops other basal cells from entering the wound

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105
Q

list the 3 meninges and their location

A

dura mater- outer

arachnoid mater- middle

pia mater- inner

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106
Q

microglial

A

“phagocytic cells of CNS” (keeps brain free of infection)

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107
Q

ORI’s

A

sites on the chromosomes where copying can start

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108
Q

Where are the parasympathetic postganglionic neuron cell bodies found?

A

Terminal ganglion

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109
Q

3 functions of chaperone proteins

A

hide lipids so they don’t clump together

keep a constant supply of hormones in the blood

make tiny hormones (like T3-T4) larger so they aren’t filtered out by the kidneys

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110
Q

ORI’s

A

sites on the chromosomes where copying can start

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111
Q

glucagon

A

raises blood sugar, releases glucose from liver cells

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112
Q

isotonic contraction

A

muscle shortens, (picking up a glass of TONIC water)

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113
Q

encephalitis

A

infection/inflammation of the brain

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114
Q

Where are sympathetic postganglionic neuron cell bodies found”

A

sympathetic chain ganglion

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115
Q

Where are pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells found?

A

Upper respiratory and Fallopian tubes

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116
Q

3 types of connective tissue fibers

A

-collagen fibers- parallel bundles, strong but flexible, gives bone its flexibility -elastic fibers- allows for a return to shape -reticular fibers- make up stroma, the walls of soft organs (spleen and liver)

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117
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A

“general sensory neuron cell bodies are located in specific structures NEAR the spinal cord” (exposed)

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118
Q

what do each of the vitamins do for bone growth

A
  • C- synthesis of Collagen fibers
  • A- Activity of osteoblasts
  • D- needed for calcium to be absorbed, UV rays activate
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119
Q

2 kinds of marrow (which are you born with, which develops with time)

A
  • yellow marrow- develops with time

- red marrow- born with

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120
Q

Parietal role

A

Gnostic (integration)

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121
Q

What enzyme stores phosphate and when is this used?

A

creatine kinase; used when extra energy is needed fast

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122
Q

pituitary dwarfism

A

lack of GH

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123
Q

lipids

A

“provide stored energy”

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124
Q

thalamus

A

“does crude analysis & routes all sensory info (except olfactory) coming up ascending tracts to correct part of the brain”

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125
Q

chondroitin sulfate

A

ground substance for cartilage

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126
Q

zone of proliferating cartilage

A

what Dr. is interested in, only zone where actual division occurs

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127
Q

dual innervation (what and where)

A

organs that have 2 separate nerve branches (major organs)

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128
Q

Where are stratified squamous epithelial cells found?

A

Skin

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129
Q

What are the three tumor types?

A

Carcinoma (epithelial)

Sarcoma (connective)

Leukemia (WBC)

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130
Q

cellular respiration

A

process of making ATP from glucose

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131
Q

What are fascicles?

A

bundles of 10-100 muscle cells

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132
Q

Simplified version of the 4 zones in an epiphyseal plate

A

Resting- anchor

Proliferating- grows

Hypertrophy- enlarges

Calcification- fills in holes

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133
Q

giantism

A

excess GH pre-puberty

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134
Q

What lowers blood calcium levels

A

calcitonin

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135
Q

stroma

A

walls of soft organs (spleen and liver)

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136
Q

cones

A

color, high light levels

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137
Q

What layer of skin is only on the palms and soles?

A

Stratum lucidum

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138
Q

Latent period (why)

A

Takes a moment for ca+ to move across the elk membrane

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139
Q

Latent period (why)

A

Takes a moment for ca+ to move across the elk membrane

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140
Q

mesoderm

A

middle, epithelial, connective, muscle

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141
Q

Where are transitional epithelial cells found?

A

Bladder

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142
Q

What layer of skin is where the actual division occurs?

A

Stratum basale

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143
Q

cones

A

color, high light levels

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144
Q

integumentary system (4 general traits)

A

-protection from infection -thermoregulator -starts vitamin D pathway -sensation source

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145
Q

function of gnostic system

A

combines info from all lobes so you can analyze it

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146
Q

T3-T4

A

control metabolism

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147
Q

calcium phosphate

A

ground substance for bone, this is calcium, phosphate specifically is what gives bone its strength

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148
Q

meningitis (and test)

A

infection/inflammation in meninges (spinal tap)

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149
Q

Hyperthyroidism is called what

A

Grave’s disease

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150
Q

extensibility

A

muscle can be stretched without damaging the muscle

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151
Q

Perichondrium

A

Membrane surrounding cartilage in the bones and HOUSES THE OSTEOPROGENITORS

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152
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

high to low movement via protein gates in the phospholipid bilayer

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153
Q

Hypothyroidism is called what

A

Myxedema in adults

Cretinism in children

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154
Q

What is the final electron receptor?

A

Oxygen

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155
Q

How is the release of oxytocin controlled?

A

hypothalamus neurons

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156
Q

Where are pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells found?

A

Upper respiratory and Fallopian tubes

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157
Q

apical surface

A

top, may have cilia or microvilli

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158
Q

Which organs are speed up by flight or flight responses?

A

All except GI and urinary

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159
Q

What is the final electron receptor?

A

Oxygen

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160
Q

titin

A

attaches myosin to the Z disc, stabilizes myosin from flipping

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161
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

CNS only, myelin sheath cells in the CNS

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162
Q

What are the 4 functions of ATP with muscle cells?

A

-repolarize cell (pump sodium back out) -pump calcium ions back into sarcoplasmic reticulum -activate myosin heads -flight, flight or freeze response

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163
Q

Where are stratified squamous epithelial cells found?

A

Skin

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164
Q

What happens if the signal is below threshold?

A

Signal will be aborted (will not feel)

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165
Q

What organs do skeletal muscles make up and what does this muscle look like?

A

voluntary muscles; long fibers, striated

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166
Q

How do neurons repolarize?

A

K+ ions leave the neuron (by removing some = ions the next charge starts to become negative in the cell)

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167
Q

Acromegaly

A

excess GH post-puberty

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168
Q

Where are transitional epithelial cells found?

A

Bladder

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169
Q

cortex vs. association neurons of cerebrum

A

cortex- receive and INTEGRATES real time info

association- INTEGRATES past experiences (associates things!!!)

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170
Q

Parietal role

A

Gnostic (integration)

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171
Q

spinal thalamic ascending tract problem

A

can’t feel pain (BECAUSE YOU DON’T HAVE THIS— EXAMPLE OF THE LITTLE GIRL)

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172
Q

cilia

A

small, hairlike structures

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173
Q

Where are simple cuboidal epithelial cells found?

A

Glands

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174
Q

Hyperthyroidism is called what

A

Grave’s disease

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175
Q

Why does an atom pick up a charge and what would would that charge be?

A

ionic bonds give up or receive electrons, (give up electrons equals + charge, receive electrons equals - charge)

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176
Q

Where are stratified squamous epithelial cells found?

A

Skin

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177
Q

calsequestrin

A

protein that neatly organizes calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum

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178
Q

glycosidic bonds

A

formed between saccharides

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179
Q

what does oxytocin do

A

stimulates labor contractions

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180
Q

GABA

A

“allow antagonistic muscles to relax” face/neck- Huntington’s

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181
Q

olfactory sense uses what?

A

chemoreceptors

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182
Q

Relative refraction period

A

Can imitate a second action potential BUT ONLY IF THE CHARGE IS MUCH HIGHER

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183
Q

how blood sugar is controlled

A
  1. receptors say blood sugar is high/low
  2. brain tells the pancreas to make insulin/glucagon
    3a. high- insulin opens liver cells, glucose is stored, blood sugar goes down
    3b. low- glucagon works in liver cells to release stored glucose, blood sugar rises
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184
Q

What are cribriform plates?

A

tiny holes in the ethmoid bone

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185
Q

Where are simple cuboidal epithelial cells found?

A

Glands

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186
Q

polysynaptic arcs (reflexes)

A

sensory neuron must connect to at least 2 association neuron, redirects to a different place

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187
Q

3 kinds of cell junctions

A
  • tight junctions- “fuse adjacent cells with a web-like strip of protein”, keeps cells close and liquid out
  • desmosomes- (little bit loose) links adjacent cells with transmembrane glycoproteins
  • gap junctions- protein tunnels made of connexions, allow material to pass between cells (ex- cardiac cells)
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188
Q

T-tubules

A

“invaginations of cell membrane”

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189
Q

Meissner’s Corpuscles

A

sense of light touch

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190
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

Can’t initiate a second action potential yet

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191
Q

How is the release of glucocorticoids controlled?

A

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

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192
Q

differentiation

A

“process of specializing a cell from an unspecialized state to a specialized state”

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193
Q

sarcolemma

A

muscle cell membrane

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194
Q

huntington’s (what, where, or why)

A

low/no GABA, face/neck

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195
Q

isotonic solution

A

typical IV, .9% salt, eql amount of liquid and particles (used for mild dehydration and to increase blood volume)

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196
Q

contractibility

A

“a muscle cell will contract forcefully in response to an action potential”

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197
Q

Which organs are slowed down by flight or fight response?

A

GI and urinary

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198
Q

3 burn types and tell them apart

A

1st degree- redness, pain (epidermal)

2nd degree- blister (epidermal and dermal)

3rd degree- no pain in area (nerve damage) but pain around (epidermal, dermal, and hypodermal)

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199
Q

what is the role of methionine in life

A

(AUG), start codon, couldn’t make any proteins, no proteins no living

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200
Q

What controls smooth visceral muscles?

A

Nerves or hormones

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201
Q

ependymal cells

A

make CSF

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202
Q

What’s the difference between a myofibril and a sarcomere?

A

a myofibril is a bunch of sarcomeres connected together at their Z discs (makes muscle stringy)

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203
Q

Hyperthyroidism is called what

A

Grave’s disease

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204
Q

Pacinian Corpuscles

A

sense of pressure

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205
Q

Where are simple columnar epithelial cells found?

A

GI tract

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206
Q

glycolysis (definition)

A

first step in respiration

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207
Q

sound waves exit through this feature

A

round windows

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208
Q

keratin

A

a waterproof protein

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209
Q

monosynaptic arcs (reflexes)

A

sensory neuron connects directly to the motor neuron (knee jerk)

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210
Q

why do proteins fold

A

the hydrogen bond in proteins causes this

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211
Q

tRNA

A

“type of RNA that transports the amino acids into the ribosomes (in the correct order)”

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212
Q

absolute refractory periods

A

“the period of time during which a second action potential can’t be initiated” (NEURON IS COMPLETELY DEPOLARIZED)

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213
Q

organical chemicals

A

made of carbon AND hydrogen (ex- carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)

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214
Q

osmosis

A

H2O movement from high to low concentrations

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215
Q

What layer of skin is where the actual division occurs?

A

Stratum basale

216
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

low/faulty insulin, blood sugar regulation problems, increased urinary output

217
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome

A

excess glucocorticoids

218
Q

Ground fibers (definition)

A

basic substance of soft and dense ct

219
Q

Hypothyroidism is called what

A

Myxedema in adults

Cretinism in children

220
Q

What charge in depolarized cell?

A

Equal

221
Q

why is the stratum basale important

A

-its the only layer that is actively carrying on mitosis (growing)

222
Q

When is na+ and when is it used?

A

found OUTSIDE cells, start action potentials by flying into sodium ion channels (depolorizes the cell)

223
Q

What type of fibers make up stroma?

A

Reticular

224
Q

uni vs. multipolar neurons

A

unipolar- general sensory neurons, multipolar- classic neuron drawing (all motor and association neurons)

225
Q

Perichondrium

A

Membrane surrounding cartilage in the bones and HOUSES THE OSTEOPROGENITORS

226
Q

Is the Krebs cycle aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Aerobic

227
Q

What do the three primary germ layers all have in common?

A

They all make epithelial cells

228
Q

describe the Renin/Angiotensin Pathway (what is this in response to and what is the end hormone)

A

kidneys recognize low blood pressure/volume and release renin, this converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I & II, finally aldosterone is released

229
Q

paracrine

A

hormone that acts on a neighboring cell

230
Q

Acetylcholine does what to cardiac muscles?

A

Inhibits them

231
Q

Where are simple columnar epithelial cells found?

A

GI tract

232
Q

What occurs during action potential? (contraction or relaxation)

A

contraction

233
Q

What are the three tumor types?

A

Carcinoma (epithelial)

Sarcoma (connective)

Leukemia (WBC)

234
Q

function of eustachian tubes

A

act to stabilize fluid pressure in back of the tympanic membrane (drain fluid from middle ear)

235
Q

What is refraction?

A

bending light rays

236
Q

myoglobin

A

special protein that stores oxygen in muscle cells (leaks into blood when a muscle is damaged)

237
Q

elasticity

A

ability of a stretched muscle to come back to its original shape

238
Q

metabolism

A

total of all chemical reactions happening in the body

239
Q

endochondral ossification

A

most bones follow this cartilage model of growth (long bones, etc)

240
Q

wernicke’s area problems

A

babbling (non intellectual speech)

241
Q

Where are stratified squamous epithelial cells found?

A

Skin

242
Q

what are the 2 layers of the dermis and what are they made of

A

-papillary region- made of areolar connective tissue (have Meissner’s Corpuscles) -reticular region- made of dense irregular tissues (have Pacinian Corpuscles)

243
Q

3 types of cartilage and where they are

A
  • fibrocartilage- intervertebral discs
  • hyaline cartilage- growth plates of bone
  • elastic cartilage- pinna of ear
244
Q

What controls skeletal muscles?

A

nerves

245
Q

What is the final electron receptor?

A

Oxygen

246
Q

crenation and what type of solution

A

shriveling of cell (hypertonic solution result)

247
Q

desmosomes

A

junction links adjacent cells with a transmembrane glycoproteins (little bit loose)

248
Q

Perichondrium

A

Membrane surrounding cartilage in the bones and HOUSES THE OSTEOPROGENITORS

249
Q

what motor neuron is adrenergic?

A

sympathetic postganglionic motor neuron

250
Q

Latent period (why)

A

Takes a moment for ca+ to move across the elk membrane

251
Q

What is the repolarization (relaxation) phase?

A

ATP pumps sodium out of the cell, restoring the membrane potential

252
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

Can’t initiate a second action potential yet

253
Q

pheromones

A

hormones that act on other animals

254
Q

frontal lobes do what

A

personality, intellect, emotion

255
Q

two conditions for taste to work

A

“olfactory sensation (smell) must be present”

ingested food must be partially dissolved or the taste buds can’t work

256
Q

simple diffusion

A

high to low movement across the phospholipid bilayers (occurs with H2O, CO2, O2, (and small lipids))

257
Q

proteins and what they look like

A

do everything (picture with the two H horns, N head, C abdomen, one H arm and one R arm, C pelvis, O legs (one with a splint and no foot the other with H foot)

258
Q

What do glucocorticoids do?

A

natural steroids from kidney cortex

259
Q

action potential

A

the rolling open of sodium ion channels around the cell membrane (depolarized)

260
Q

What is the latent phase?

A

waiting for calcium ions to enter the channel

261
Q

What layer of skin is only on the palms and soles?

A

Stratum lucidum

262
Q

What are the three tumor types?

A

Carcinoma (epithelial)

Sarcoma (connective)

Leukemia (WBC)

263
Q

membrane bound binding sites

A

outside the cell and are for all non-lipid hormones

264
Q

What is glaucoma?

A

increase in pressure inside the eye (buildup of aqueous humor)

265
Q

What organ does cardiac muscles make up and what does this muscle look like?

A

cardiac; involuntary, highly elongated & branched cells, intercalated discs

266
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

Can’t initiate a second action potential yet

267
Q

general sensory neurons (type of pole, where do they go, functions)

A

unipolar, Dorsal root ganglion, senses pain, pressure, touch, temp

268
Q

Which band stays unchanged during muscle contraction?

A

A band

269
Q

What do the three primary germ layers all have in common?

A

They all make epithelial cells

270
Q

Perichondrium

A

Membrane surrounding cartilage in the bones and HOUSES THE OSTEOPROGENITORS

271
Q

What charge in depolarized cell?

A

Equal

272
Q

connective tissue (4 general traits)

A

-most varied and abundant tissue in the body -under epithelial cells -widely spaced cells with lots of matrix in between -HIGHLY vascular (except cartilage)

273
Q

myoglobin

A

special protein that stores oxygen in muscle cells (leaks into blood when a muscle is damaged)

274
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

Can’t initiate a second action potential yet

275
Q

osteoblasts

A

immature bone cells, makes bone matrix by laying down collagen fibers for the calcium phosphate

276
Q

What is the final electron receptor?

A

Oxygen

277
Q

p53

A

protein that controls the restriction point at the end of G1 (decides if cells stay, divide, or die)

278
Q

What is endomysium and what type of tissue is it made of?

A

wraps around each INDIVIDUAL MUSCLE CELL (areolar CT)

279
Q

What disappears during muscle contraction

A
  • I bands

- H zone

280
Q

Perichondrium

A

Membrane surrounding cartilage in the bones and HOUSES THE OSTEOPROGENITORS

281
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

Can’t initiate a second action potential yet

282
Q

What two molecules travel by facilitated diffusion?

A

Hydrogen and glucose

283
Q

Simplified version of the 4 zones in an epiphyseal plate

A

Resting- anchor

Proliferating- grows

Hypertrophy- enlarges

Calcification- fills in holes

284
Q

Hypothalamus

A

ANS, connects nervous system and endocrine system (EX OF EPINEPHRINE)

285
Q

citric acid cycle (krebs cycle)

A

occurs in mitochondria’s cytoplasm, 2 pyruvate is broken down into Acetylcholine (ACh), 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH

286
Q

glycolysis

A

glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, and 2 FADH

287
Q

Where is simple squamous epithelium found?

A

Alveoli

288
Q

who is the one adrenic autonomic nervous system motor neuron?

A

sympathetic postganglionic motor neuron

289
Q

apocrine glands

A

sudoriferous (sweat) glands active at puberty, modified glands of axillary and groin

290
Q

What is the perimysium and what type of tissue is it made of?

A

wraps around FASICICLES (bundles of 10-100 muscle cells) (dense irregular CT)

291
Q

anabolism

A

builds up small molecules REQUIRES ENERGY

292
Q

What two molecules travel by facilitated diffusion?

A

Hydrogen and glucose

293
Q

white vs. gray mater (Why their appearance and function)

A

white matter- has myelin sheaths on axons

gray- neuron cell bodies

294
Q

What do the three primary germ layers all have in common?

A

They all make epithelial cells

295
Q

gap junctions

A

protein tunnels made of connexions, allow material to pass between cells (ex- cardiac cells)

296
Q

ribosomes

A

synthesize proteins by connecting multiple amino acids with peptide bonds

297
Q

Acetylcholine does what to cardiac muscles?

A

Inhibits them

298
Q

Simplified version of the 4 zones in an epiphyseal plate

A

Resting- anchor

Proliferating- grows

Hypertrophy- enlarges

Calcification- fills in holes

299
Q

prolactin

A

controls milk production

300
Q

motor end plate

A

muscle cell receptor site directly opposite of the synaptic vesicles, this opens sodium ion channels

301
Q

cerumin

A

ear wax (from ceruminous glands)

302
Q

Where are sympathetic postganglionic neuron cell bodies found?

A

Sympathetic chain ganglion

303
Q

Hypothalamus

A

ANS, connects nervous system and endocrine system (EX OF EPINEPHRINE)

304
Q

Hypothalamus

A

ANS, connects nervous system and endocrine system (EX OF EPINEPHRINE)

305
Q

ADH

A

decreases urinary output, lack of this is diabetes insipidus

306
Q

Hypothalamus

A

ANS, connects nervous system and endocrine system (EX OF EPINEPHRINE)

307
Q

What happens if the signal is below threshold?

A

Signal will be aborted (will not feel)

308
Q

choriod’s two functions

A

provides nutrients and absorbs light that has already been seen

309
Q

What raises blood calcium levels?

A

PTH

310
Q

adipose

A

fats layer (energy storage), insulation, thermoregulation

311
Q

saccharides

A

building blocks of carbs (glycosidic bonds)

312
Q

crenation and what type of solution

A

shriveling of cell (hypertonic solution result)

313
Q

Simplified version of the 4 zones in an epiphyseal plate

A

Resting- anchor

Proliferating- grows

Hypertrophy- enlarges

Calcification- fills in holes

314
Q

tRNA

A

“type of RNA that transports the amino acids into the ribosomes (in the correct order)”

315
Q

osteoprogenitor cells

A

bone stem cells, only kind of bone cell that cal divide, initially an osteoprogenitor cell itself (to keep the stem cell line going)

316
Q

superior colliculus problem

A

no reflex to visual

317
Q

somatosensory area problems

A

can’t feel light touch, pain, sensations (general sensatory things)

318
Q

Where are simple cuboidal epithelial cells found?

A

Glands

319
Q

epithelial tissues

A

avascular, cover all free surfaces (outermost tissue surface), make up glands, tightly packed cells (tight junctions)

320
Q

What does T4 do?

A

controls metabolism

321
Q

What are the three tumor types?

A

Carcinoma (epithelial)

Sarcoma (connective)

Leukemia (WBC)

322
Q

hyaluronic acid

A

gel-like ground substance for soft and dense connective tissues

323
Q

How is the release of T4 controlled?

A

TSH

324
Q

ventral root ganglion

A

“motor neurons cell bodies are found IN the spinal cord” (protected by rib cage)

325
Q

Hyperthyroidism is called what

A

Grave’s disease

326
Q

Where are stratified squamous epithelial cells found?

A

Skin

327
Q

What layer of skin is only on the palms and soles?

A

Stratum lucidum

328
Q

What do the three primary germ layers all have in common?

A

They all make epithelial cells

329
Q

schwann

A

PNS only, myelin sheath cells in PNS

330
Q

What is the final electron receptor?

A

Oxygen

331
Q

how does water ionize compounds and why is this so important

A

O- attracts Na+, H+ attracts Cl-, this allows our bodies to break down molecules and be able to use the individual elements

332
Q

IPSP

A

total charge is NEGATIVE

333
Q

gyrus

A

folds of brain in cerebrum

334
Q

goiter

A

lack of iodine creates enlarged thyroid

335
Q

Hypothyroidism is called what

A

Myxedema in adults

Cretinism in children

336
Q

6 characteristics of life

A

movement, responds to stimuli/environment, differentiation, metabolism, reproduction, growth

337
Q

What are the 5 sarcomere bands/lines/zones?

A
  • H zone- center of any sarcomere -A band-center part of a sarcomere that contains the whole myosin filament (and parts of actin filaments) -I band- only contains actin -Z disc- ends of the sarcomere -M line- middle thick bit, stops actin from contracting too far (think of it as a parking block)
338
Q

mRNA

A

“type of RNA that is a copy of a DNA gene”

339
Q

why do proteins fold

A

the hydrogen bond in proteins causes this

340
Q

basophils

A

release histamine (causes inflammatory response- more blood = more WBC) (‘B’ee sting swelling)

341
Q

6 characteristics of life

A

movement, responds to stimuli/environment, differentiation, metabolism, reproduction, growth

342
Q

What connects the pituitary and the hypothalamus?

A

infundibulum

343
Q

how does water ionize compounds and why is this so important

A

O- attracts Na+, H+ attracts Cl-, this allows our bodies to break down molecules and be able to use the individual elements

344
Q

hypertrophy

A

enlargement of a cell (hypotonic solution result)

345
Q

what is hypercalcemia, its symptoms, what hormone responds to this?

A

-high blood calcium -symptoms- heart stops, weakness -calcitonin- lowers blood calcium levels {by stimulating osteoblasts}

346
Q

Where are pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells found?

A

Upper respiratory and Fallopian tubes

347
Q

connexions

A

an assembly of 6 proteins called connexins that form the pore for a gap junction between the cytoplasm of 2 adjacent cells

348
Q

Temporal lobe role

A

Olfactory and hearing

349
Q

Where are pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells found?

A

Upper respiratory and Fallopian tubes

350
Q

hypodermis

A

attaches skin to underlying structures

351
Q

2 important properties of receiving neurons

A
  • membrane potential

- ion channels

352
Q

zone of hypertrophy

A

cells enlarge and burst, altering pH (and leaving a hollow space)

353
Q

What do the three primary germ layers all have in common?

A

They all make epithelial cells

354
Q

sensory neurons have to connect to association neurons (why?

A

only CNS can analyze information

355
Q

4 zones in an epiphyseal plates

A
  • zone of resting cartilage
  • zone of proliferating cartilage
  • zone of hypertrophy
  • zone of calcification
356
Q

isotonic solution

A

typical IV, .9% salt, eql amount of liquid and particles (used for mild dehydration and to increase blood volume)

357
Q

autocrine

A

hormone secreted locally and acts on the cells that secreted them

358
Q

Acetylcholine does what to cardiac muscles?

A

Inhibits them

359
Q

What is incomplete tetanus and what is the contraction rate?

A

has relaxation periods between contractions, everyday contraction; 20-30 times a second

360
Q

What is the final electron receptor?

A

Oxygen

361
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

makes oxytocin, ADH & releasing (tropic) hormones, sends releasing hormones to glands

362
Q

osteoclasts

A

phagocytic bone cells (break down bone)

363
Q

Where are simple cuboidal epithelial cells found?

A

Glands

364
Q

What is complete tetanus and what is the contraction rate?

A

no relaxation period between contractions, EMERGENCY ONLY; 80-100 times a second

365
Q

Hypothyroidism is called what

A

Myxedema in adults

Cretinism in children

366
Q

zone of calcification

A

fills the hollow space (becomes the lamellae)

367
Q

What charge in depolarized cell?

A

Equal

368
Q

Is the Krebs cycle aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Aerobic

369
Q

calcitonin

A

lowers blood calcium levels

370
Q

Where do parasympathetic preganglionic neurons exit the CNS

A

brain stem and S2-S4

371
Q

Relative refraction period

A

Can imitate a second action potential BUT ONLY IF THE CHARGE IS MUCH HIGHER

372
Q

What layer of skin is where the actual division occurs?

A

Stratum basale

373
Q

What organ is both exocrine and endocrine?

A

pancreas

374
Q

How is the release of endorphins controlled?

A

hypothalamus uses neurons

375
Q

electron transport chain

A

occurs in mitochondria’s inner membrane (squiggly bit), 12 NADH is broken down into NAD, H+, 2 electrons, and 34-38 ATP

376
Q

Temporal lobe role

A

Olfactory and hearing

377
Q

What kind of neurons are the special senses?

A

bipolar sensory neurosn

378
Q

osmosis

A

H2O movement from high to low concentrations

379
Q

midbrain problem

A

parkinsons

380
Q

normal blood pH range and how do you control this

A

7.35-7.45, CO2 levels in your blood (holding your breath lowers your blood pH, hyperventilating raises your blood pH)

381
Q

reticular fibers

A

make up stroma, the walls of soft organs (spleen and liver)

382
Q

What is the contraction phase?

A

cell depolarizes, making charges equal on both sides

383
Q

non polar covalent bonds

A

share electrons equally BUT DON’T DISSOLVE IN H2O, fats

384
Q

carbohydrates

A

“provide the immediate and preferred energy source to the body”

385
Q

Ground fibers (definition)

A

basic substance of soft and dense ct

386
Q

Where are simple columnar epithelial cells found?

A

GI tract

387
Q

What type of fibers make up stroma?

A

Reticular

388
Q

corpus callosum role

A

commissural fibers that connect cerebral hemispheres

389
Q

endorphins

A

type of neurotransmitter that significantly blocks pain

390
Q

how blood sugar is controlled

A
  1. receptors say blood sugar is high/low
  2. brain tells the pancreas to make insulin/glucagon
    3a. high- insulin opens liver cells, glucose is stored, blood sugar goes down
    3b. low- glucagon works in liver cells to release stored glucose, blood sugar rises
391
Q

What happens if mV is above the threshold (or at threshold)

A

signal will travel down the postsynaptic neuron (signal will be sent)

392
Q

tight junctions

A

“fuse adjacent cells with a web-like strip of protein”, keeps cells close and liquid out

393
Q

Simplified version of the 4 zones in an epiphyseal plate

A

Resting- anchor

Proliferating- grows

Hypertrophy- enlarges

Calcification- fills in holes

394
Q

cholinergic

A

uses acetylcholine as it’s neurotransmitter

395
Q

threshold in mV?

A

-55mV

396
Q

reverberating circuits

A

info is looped from 1 neuron an THIS IS SHORT TERM MEMORY

397
Q

microvilli

A

small folds

398
Q

macula lutea

A

area of eye with best visual acuit

399
Q

Where is simple squamous epithelium found?

A

Alveoli

400
Q

function of ossicles

A

help conduct sound waves to the inner ear

401
Q

What do endorphins do?

A

flight or flight response

402
Q

glycolysis

A

glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, and 2 FADH

403
Q

What do myosin heads rotate towards during a power stroke?

A

the M line

404
Q

What is the mesoderm? (in terms of the muscular system)

A

where skeletal muscles come from, it differentiates into myoblasts

405
Q

What organs do smooth multi unit muscles make up and what does this muscle look like?

A

arrector pili & iris, pointy ends, involuntary

406
Q

inferior colliculus problem

A

no reflex to sound

407
Q

What type of hormone is T4?

A

“biogenic amine”

408
Q

What organs do smooth visceral muscles make up and what does this muscle look like?

A

walls of blood vessels & hollow organs such as the bladder and stomach, pointy ends, involuntary

409
Q

What layer of skin is where the actual division occurs?

A

Stratum basale

410
Q

central sulcus

A

groove that separates frontal and parietal lobes

411
Q

rods

A

detect crude images, low light, no color vision

412
Q

myxedema

A

low T3-T4 levels in adults

413
Q

chemoreceptors

A

“axons of olfactory neurons exit through tiny holes in the ethmoid bone called the cribriform plate

414
Q

dopamine

A

“allow antagonistic muscles to relax” arm/leg- parkinson’s

415
Q

rRNA

A

type of RNA that forms the framework of ribosomes

416
Q

What type of fibers make up stroma?

A

Reticular

417
Q

motor unit

A

“a single motor neuron and all the muscle cells it associates with”

418
Q

membrane potential

A

“whenever a cell has a difference in charge across its membrane” (polarized)

419
Q

Latent period (why)

A

Takes a moment for ca+ to move across the elk membrane

420
Q

What two molecules travel by facilitated diffusion?

A

Hydrogen and glucose

421
Q

cerebellum role

A

helps control posture and gait, don’t need this to live

422
Q

Where are stratified cuboidal epithelial cells found?

A

Ducts of large exocrine glands

423
Q

What is the main neurotransmitter?

A

acetylcholine

424
Q

7 soft connective tissues and where they are located

A
  • areolar CT- papillary (upper) part of dermis
  • adipose- hypodermis (only soft CT that matures its own cells)
  • reticular CT- in stroma (walls) of soft tissue organs
  • elastic CT- artery walls
  • dense regular CT- reticular (lower) layer of dermis
  • dense irregular CT- dermis
  • cartilage- housed in the lacunae
425
Q

EPSP

A

total charge is POSITIVE

426
Q

electron transport chain

A

occurs in mitochondria’s inner membrane (squiggly bit), 12 NADH is broken down into NAD, H+, 2 electrons, and 34-38 ATP

427
Q

What two molecules travel by facilitated diffusion?

A

Hydrogen and glucose

428
Q

What controls smooth multi unit muscles?

A

nerves

429
Q

iris

A

colored muscle that regulates pupil size

430
Q

Where are endorphins made?

A

medulla of kidneys

431
Q

6 classes of bones (with example)

A
  • long bones- tibia
  • short bones- carpals/tarsals
  • sesamoid bones- patella
  • irregular bones- vertebrae
  • flat- skull
  • Wormian (sutural) bones- between skull sutures
432
Q

Where are simple cuboidal epithelial cells found?

A

Glands

433
Q

list the 6 epithelial cell arrangements

A

-simple squamous -stratified squamous -simple cuboidal -stratified cuboidal -simple columnar -stratified columnar -pseudostratified

434
Q

Where are pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells found?

A

Upper respiratory and Fallopian tubes

435
Q

Is the Krebs cycle aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Aerobic

436
Q

Blood Brain Barrier (5 things you need to know)

A
  • capillaries
  • fenestrations
  • astrocytes
  • perivascular feet
  • tight junctions
437
Q

Ground fibers (definition)

A

basic substance of soft and dense ct

438
Q

What are the 2 ways muscle contraction is controlled?

A

-the number and size of motor units recruited -the frequency of stimulation

439
Q

Ground fibers (definition)

A

basic substance of soft and dense ct

440
Q

endochondral ossification

A

most bones follow this cartilage model of growth (long bones, etc)

441
Q

normal blood pH range and how do you control this

A

7.35-7.45, CO2 levels in your blood (holding your breath lowers your blood pH, hyperventilating raises your blood pH)

442
Q

Parietal role

A

Gnostic (integration)

443
Q

hypertonic solution

A

> .9%, causes crenation (used when you’re too hydrated)

444
Q

Parietal role

A

Gnostic (integration)

445
Q

Where is simple squamous epithelium found?

A

Alveoli

446
Q

medullary pyramids

A

“association neurons carrying motor response info crosses over here”

447
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

A

slows things down

448
Q

Temporal lobe role

A

Olfactory and hearing

449
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

high to low movement via protein gates in the phospholipid bilayer

450
Q

aldosterone

A

increases blood pressure and volume

451
Q

What controls smooth multi unit muscles?

A

nerves

452
Q

resting membrane potential in MV?

A

-70mV

453
Q

posterior column tracts

A

carry info about movement & 2 point discrimination

454
Q

serous membrane, its 2 layers, and where are these layers found (generally)

A
  • visceral layer- on the outside of the organ

- parietal layer- lines the cavity the organ sits in

455
Q

What charge in depolarized cell?

A

Equal

456
Q

Latent period (why)

A

Takes a moment for ca+ to move across the elk membrane

457
Q

amino acids and how many

A

20 of these, basic building blocks of life (peptide bonds between these things)

458
Q

Simplified version of the 4 zones in an epiphyseal plate

A

Resting- anchor

Proliferating- grows

Hypertrophy- enlarges

Calcification- fills in holes

459
Q

ribosomes

A

synthesize proteins by connecting multiple amino acids with peptide bonds

460
Q

What two molecules travel by facilitated diffusion?

A

Hydrogen and glucose

461
Q

p53

A

protein that controls the restriction point at the end of G1 (decides if cells stay, divide, or die)

462
Q

rickets

A

vitamin D deficiency, bowed legs (soft bone)

463
Q

Acetylcholine does what to cardiac muscles?

A

Inhibits them

464
Q

2 base epithelial cell parts

A

-apical surface -basement membrane

465
Q

covalent bonds

A

share electrons

466
Q

astrocytes

A

Blood brain barrier, CNS, star shaped, “perivascular feet” CONTROLS WHAT ENTERS THE BRAIN

467
Q

What charge in depolarizer cell?

A

Different

468
Q

Where are stratified cuboidal epithelial cells found?

A

Ducts of large exocrine glands

469
Q

Hyperthyroidism is called what

A

Grave’s disease

470
Q

fibroblasts

A

immature soft and dense connective tissue cells

471
Q

amino acids and how many

A

20 of these, basic building blocks of life (peptide bonds between these things)

472
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do?

A

speeds things up

473
Q

insulin

A

lowers blood sugar, opens cell to usher in glucose

474
Q

Parietal role

A

Gnostic (integration)

475
Q

Acetylcholine does what to cardiac muscles?

A

Inhibits them

476
Q

What type of fibers make up stroma?

A

Reticular

477
Q

Base pairing rules (DNA and RNA)

A

DNA: A-T, C-G
RNA: C-G, A-U

478
Q

serotonin

A

stimulates happiness, lack of this causes depression

479
Q

Where is k+ and when is it used?

A

found INSIDE the cells, removed by sodium potassium pumps to repolorize the cell

480
Q

insulin (and what cell makes this)

A

lowers blood glucose and is made by beta cells

481
Q

Is actin thick or thin and does it slide or rotate?

A

thin; slides

482
Q

What layer of skin is where the actual division occurs?

A

Stratum basale

483
Q

Hypothalamus

A

ANS, connects nervous system and endocrine system (EX OF EPINEPHRINE)

484
Q

macrophages

A

HIGHLY phagocytic, these are monocytes that have left blood and entered tissue (clean up wound) (pac man)

485
Q

endoderm

A

inner, epithelial, inside of the digestive tract

486
Q

choroid plexus role

A

makes CSF (capillaries and ependymal cells)

487
Q

Base pairing rules (DNA and RNA)

A

DNA: A-T, C-G
RNA: C-G, A-U

488
Q

What are the 8 steps to a muscle contraction?

A
  1. electrical stimulus must travel down the neuron
  2. this causes the synaptic vesicles to line up and release acetylcholine (into the synaptic cleft)
  3. acetylcholine opens a sodium ion channel on the motor end plate of the muscle cell
  4. sodium ions fly into the cell, starting an action potential
  5. the action potential causes the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium ions
  6. calcium ions pull off troponin and roll back the tropomyosin. this opens up the myosin head binding sites
  7. ATP is broken down on the myosin head, this energy is put into the myosin head, popping it into the binding site(on both sides of the M-line)
  8. both energized heads engage and power stroke (rotate) pulling the Z-discs closer together
489
Q

Is the Krebs cycle aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Aerobic

490
Q

diverging circuit

A

“1 presynaptic neuron synapses with MANY postsynaptic neurons”

491
Q

adrenergic

A

uses adrenaline as it’s neurotransmitter

492
Q

Hypothyroidism is called what

A

Myxedema in adults

Cretinism in children

493
Q

exocrine

A

have ducts, release onto skin or in the GI tract

494
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

making a bone inside a membrane (think skull bones (finished by 2nd year))

495
Q

ionic bonds

A

give up or take electrons

496
Q

Where are parasympathetic neuron cell bodies found?

A

terminal axons

497
Q

hypertrophy

A

enlargement of a cell (hypotonic solution result)

498
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

Can’t initiate a second action potential yet

499
Q

occipital lobe problems

A

vision problems

500
Q

zone of resting cartilage

A

chondrocytes anchor the epiphyseal plate to the epiphysis

501
Q

saccharides

A

building blocks of carbs (glycosidic bonds)

502
Q

Hypothyroidism is called what

A

Myxedema in adults

Cretinism in children

503
Q

Where are transitional epithelial cells found?

A

Bladder

504
Q

melatonin

A

sleep wake cycle, pineal gland

505
Q

Hyperthyroidism is called what

A

Grave’s disease

506
Q

Where are transitional epithelial cells found?

A

Bladder

507
Q

Where are stratified cuboidal epithelial cells found?

A

Ducts of large exocrine glands

508
Q

where is oxytocin stored?

A

posterior pituitary

509
Q

Ground fibers (definition)

A

basic substance of soft and dense ct

510
Q

What layer of skin is where the actual division occurs?

A

Stratum basale

511
Q

cretinism

A

low T3-T4 levels in infants

512
Q

eyes

A

bend light rays (refraction)

513
Q

What are the three tumor types?

A

Carcinoma (epithelial)

Sarcoma (connective)

Leukemia (WBC)

514
Q

What layer of skin is only on the palms and soles?

A

Stratum lucidum

515
Q

catabolism

A

breaks large molecules down MAKES OR RELEASES ENERGY

516
Q

covalent bonds

A

share electrons

517
Q

merocrine

A

secretion is packaged by golgi apparatus as vesicles (salivary glands and pancreas)

518
Q

compare spongy bone to compact bone

A
  • spongy- red bone marrow, epiphysis, spaces

- compact- yellow bone marrow, diaphysis, osteons

519
Q

What is the refractory phase?

A

the cell is COMPLETELY depolarized, “at this refractory phase the cell has lost its membrane potential and can’t respond to a stimulus from another neuron”

520
Q

What charge in depolarizer cell?

A

Different

521
Q

What charge in depolarized cell?

A

Equal

522
Q

catabolism

A

breaks large molecules down MAKES OR RELEASES ENERGY

523
Q

medulla role

A

respiratory center

524
Q

melanocyte stimulating hormone

A

makes melanin

525
Q

What type of fibers make up stroma?

A

Reticular

526
Q

polar covalent bonds

A

share electrons equally (ex- H2O)

527
Q

cellular respiration

A

process of making ATP from glucose

528
Q

holocrine

A

fill until cell explodes (sebaceous glands, oils)

529
Q

anabolism

A

builds up small molecules REQUIRES ENERGY

530
Q

Parietal role

A

Gnostic (integration)

531
Q

Where is simple squamous epithelium found?

A

Alveoli

532
Q

Parkinson’s (what, where, or why)

A

low/no dopamine, arm/leg

533
Q

Why does an atom pick up a charge and what would would that charge be?

A

ionic bonds give up or receive electrons, (give up electrons equals + charge, receive electrons equals - charge)

534
Q

Where do sympathetic preganglionic neurons exist the CNS?

A

T1-L2

535
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

raises blood calcium levels

536
Q

proteins and what they look like

A

do everything (picture with the two H horns, N head, C abdomen, one H arm and one R arm, C pelvis, O legs (one with a splint and no foot the other with H foot)

Anatomy and Physiology (15 decks)

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