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Anatomy and Physiology > *Test Four > Flashcards

*Test Four Flashcards

1
Q

What happens to blood CO2 levels during respiratory acidosis?

A

goes up

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2
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors

A

monitor pCO2 and H+ concentrations in body

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3
Q

Two types of alveolar cells

A
  • type I alveolar cells- “gas exchange between air and blood happens across these cells”
  • type II alveolar cells- make surfactant
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4
Q

3 factors that enhance glomerular filtration (and BHP)

A
  • long glomerular capillaries increase resistance and pressure
  • walls of glomerulus and capsule are thin and porus
  • arterioles- afferent are larger than efferent, creating back pressure (which pushes everything into capsular space)
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5
Q

Juxtaglomerular cells

A

make renin, recognize low blood volume, starts renin-angiotensin pathway

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6
Q

apneustic center

A

slows down respiration

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7
Q

normal baby breathing

A
  • baby inhales water with its first breath
  • when baby exhales the alveoli collapse
  • this collapseallows water molecules in the alveoli to draw near each other
  • this nearness creates hydrogen bonds and surface tension
  • type II alveolar cells make surfactant, disrupting hydrogen bonds/surface tension, allowing alveoli to reinflate
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8
Q

Hyaline Membrane Disease (why and how do you treat)

A
  • no surfactant before 40 weeks, so preemies can’t break the hydrogen bonds (water surface tension) to reinflate the alveoli
  • solution- shoot mom with a steroid, give baby surfactant
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9
Q

uncontrolled diabetics and polyphagia (why?)

A

“uncontrolled diabetics have excessive glucose in the blood, but no insulin to open doorways for glucose to get into the cells. The cells are starving and sending the message to eat”

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10
Q

epiglottis

A

flap of tissue guarding glottis, directs food and drink to esophagus

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11
Q

polyuria

A

overproduction of urine

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12
Q

Boyle’s law in relation to ventilation

A
  • relaxed diaphragm- lung and outside air pressure are equal (maybe 760mmHg)
  • diaphragm contracts, increases lung volume, LOWERING pressure
  • inhale- high pressure outside, low pressure inside pushes air in
  • air pressure goes to equal or slightly higher (780 mmHg)
  • relax the diaphragm- volume lowers, pressure inside increases, exhale
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13
Q

urinary retention

A

failure to release urine

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14
Q

renal auto regulation

A

ability of kidneys to maintain a constant glomerular filtration rate despite changes

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15
Q

intercalated cells

A

cells involved in pH adjustment (compensatory response cells, move H+ between blood and filtrate)

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16
Q

(increased) urinary frequency

A

voiding more than normal

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17
Q

Internal respiration

A

exchange of gasses between blood and tissues

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18
Q

Bohr effect

A

(how pH affects affinity)

  • CO2 from tissues goes to blood
  • this causes acidosis (it’s generating H+ from H2O)
  • hemoglobin recognizes the pH drop and lets go of its O2
  • hemoglobing then picks up the extra H+, rasing pH
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19
Q

Where are the pneumotaxic and apneustic centers?

A

the pons

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20
Q

compensatory response

A

when kidneys correct acidosis caused by respiratory system (body isn’t going to just give up)

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21
Q

renal hilus

A

area of kidney where blood vessels, nerves, and ureter enter/exit

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22
Q

uncontrolled diabetics and metabolic acidosis (why?)

A

can’t get glucose into cells to make ATP, so cells use fat for energy. when fats are converted to ATP, acidic ketones are produced, causing ketoacidosis (metabolic acidosis) in the blood

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23
Q

pneuomothorax

A

collapsed lung (GSW, stabbed)

24
Q

uncontrolled diabetics and polyuria (why?)

A
  • with excess glucose in the blood, more is being filtered into the filtrate
  • the cell doors quickly reach Transport Maximum (Tm) and can’t get all the glucose back into the blood
  • “excess glucose goes down the descending limb, reversing osmosis, and making (LOTS OF) water enter the limb instead of leaving like it should”
25
Q

What happens to blood pH during respiratory acidosis?

A

goes down

26
Q

What would a urine test show during acidosis and why?

A

SHOWS THE AMOUNT OF TIME THAT HAS PASSED, low urine pH from compensatory response

27
Q

erythropoietin

A

growth factor synthesized by kidneys and functions in the differentiation of RBCs

28
Q

pneumotaxic center

A

speeds up respiration

29
Q

central chemoreceptors

A

monitor pCO2 and H+ concentrations in CSF

30
Q

3 larynx cartilage types

A
  • thyroid cartilage- Adam’s apple, front and side of larynx
  • arytenoid cartilage- in back, controls movement of vocal chords (CAUSES SPEECH)
  • cricoid cartilage- only cartilage ring to completely surround airway
31
Q

nocturia

A

excessive urination at night (because of posteral change)

32
Q

glottis

A

superior opening in larynx

33
Q

4 breathing patterns

A
  • eupnea- normal breathing (16-20 per min)
  • apnea- temporary cessation of breathing (snoring, overweight, alcohol, preemies)
  • dyspnea- painful breathing
  • tachypnea- rapid breathing (~40 per min)
34
Q

respiratory alkalosis

A

higher than nomal pH (caused by hyperventilation)

35
Q

respiratory acidosis

A

lower than normal blood pH due to too much CO2 (anything that prevents blowing off CO2, shifts reaction to the left creating acidosis)

36
Q

secretion

A

moves waste from the peritubular capillaries to DCTs, SELECTIVE

37
Q

Macula Densa cells

A

ascending tubule cells in region where it makes contact with afferent arterioles (CONNECTS TUBES TO BLOOD)

38
Q

normal blood pH

A

7.35-7.45

39
Q

What breathing center is activating during respiratory acidosis?

A

pneumotaxic center

40
Q

reabsorption

A

occurs between proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) and peritubular capillaries, ESPECIALLY glucose and water

41
Q

peristalsis (in relation to urine)

A

mechanism that transports urine through ureters

42
Q

Dalton’s Law

A

“each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure, as if all other gases were not present” (look at each gas individually)

partial pressure- pressure exerted by an individual gas (lower at altitudes… also what medicine is really interested in)

43
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

“pressure of a gas in a closed container is inversely propertional to the volume of that container”

44
Q

What does the descending limb do?

A

Na+ concentration gradient is higher outside of descending limb, so water is forced OUT the entire length of this and the Loop of Henle (60L)

45
Q

filtration

A

non-selective (anything is filtered), main thing happening between glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

46
Q

principal cells

A

BIND SITES for ADH and aldosterone (goal- boost low blood volume and pressure)

47
Q

asthma

A

spasm of smooth muscle walls of the terminal bronchioles

48
Q

External respiration

A

exchange of gasses between lungs and blood

49
Q

What does the ascending loop do?

A

impermiable to water, also Na+ is actively pumped back out to tissues here

50
Q

ANP does what with the urinary system?

A

suppresses ADH and aldosterone, shuts down renin-angiotension pathway, promotes diuresis (urination)

51
Q

Juxtagolerular apparatus

A

maintains normal glomerular blood pressure

EX- anger (causes BP to rise dramatically), juxtaglormerular apparatus wil vasoconstrict afferent arerioles (less blood in) and vasodilate efferent arterioles (more blood out)

52
Q

What is the chemical formula responsible for blood pH?

A

CO2 + H2O ⇔ HCO3- + H+

(With carbonic anhydrase being the enzyme to go between the two)

53
Q

2 branches of the pharynx

A
  • larynx- anterior, inferior branch leads to respiratory system
  • esophagus- posterior, inferior branch leads to stomach
54
Q

dysuria

A

painful urination

55
Q

What allows you to hold your breath?

A

cerebral cortex

56
Q

binding effinity

A

how tightly hemoglobin attaches to O2 in lungs (lower the further away in the body)

57
Q

renal capsule

A

protection, maintains shape

Anatomy and Physiology (15 decks)

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