*Test Four Flashcards
What happens to blood CO2 levels during respiratory acidosis?
goes up
peripheral chemoreceptors
monitor pCO2 and H+ concentrations in body
Two types of alveolar cells
- type I alveolar cells- “gas exchange between air and blood happens across these cells”
- type II alveolar cells- make surfactant
3 factors that enhance glomerular filtration (and BHP)
- long glomerular capillaries increase resistance and pressure
- walls of glomerulus and capsule are thin and porus
- arterioles- afferent are larger than efferent, creating back pressure (which pushes everything into capsular space)
Juxtaglomerular cells
make renin, recognize low blood volume, starts renin-angiotensin pathway
apneustic center
slows down respiration
normal baby breathing
- baby inhales water with its first breath
- when baby exhales the alveoli collapse
- this collapseallows water molecules in the alveoli to draw near each other
- this nearness creates hydrogen bonds and surface tension
- type II alveolar cells make surfactant, disrupting hydrogen bonds/surface tension, allowing alveoli to reinflate
Hyaline Membrane Disease (why and how do you treat)
- no surfactant before 40 weeks, so preemies can’t break the hydrogen bonds (water surface tension) to reinflate the alveoli
- solution- shoot mom with a steroid, give baby surfactant
uncontrolled diabetics and polyphagia (why?)
“uncontrolled diabetics have excessive glucose in the blood, but no insulin to open doorways for glucose to get into the cells. The cells are starving and sending the message to eat”
epiglottis
flap of tissue guarding glottis, directs food and drink to esophagus
polyuria
overproduction of urine
Boyle’s law in relation to ventilation
- relaxed diaphragm- lung and outside air pressure are equal (maybe 760mmHg)
- diaphragm contracts, increases lung volume, LOWERING pressure
- inhale- high pressure outside, low pressure inside pushes air in
- air pressure goes to equal or slightly higher (780 mmHg)
- relax the diaphragm- volume lowers, pressure inside increases, exhale
urinary retention
failure to release urine
renal auto regulation
ability of kidneys to maintain a constant glomerular filtration rate despite changes
intercalated cells
cells involved in pH adjustment (compensatory response cells, move H+ between blood and filtrate)
(increased) urinary frequency
voiding more than normal
Internal respiration
exchange of gasses between blood and tissues
Bohr effect
(how pH affects affinity)
- CO2 from tissues goes to blood
- this causes acidosis (it’s generating H+ from H2O)
- hemoglobin recognizes the pH drop and lets go of its O2
- hemoglobing then picks up the extra H+, rasing pH
Where are the pneumotaxic and apneustic centers?
the pons
compensatory response
when kidneys correct acidosis caused by respiratory system (body isn’t going to just give up)
renal hilus
area of kidney where blood vessels, nerves, and ureter enter/exit
uncontrolled diabetics and metabolic acidosis (why?)
can’t get glucose into cells to make ATP, so cells use fat for energy. when fats are converted to ATP, acidic ketones are produced, causing ketoacidosis (metabolic acidosis) in the blood
pneuomothorax
collapsed lung (GSW, stabbed)
uncontrolled diabetics and polyuria (why?)
- with excess glucose in the blood, more is being filtered into the filtrate
- the cell doors quickly reach Transport Maximum (Tm) and can’t get all the glucose back into the blood
- “excess glucose goes down the descending limb, reversing osmosis, and making (LOTS OF) water enter the limb instead of leaving like it should”
What happens to blood pH during respiratory acidosis?
goes down
What would a urine test show during acidosis and why?
SHOWS THE AMOUNT OF TIME THAT HAS PASSED, low urine pH from compensatory response
erythropoietin
growth factor synthesized by kidneys and functions in the differentiation of RBCs
pneumotaxic center
speeds up respiration
central chemoreceptors
monitor pCO2 and H+ concentrations in CSF
3 larynx cartilage types
- thyroid cartilage- Adam’s apple, front and side of larynx
- arytenoid cartilage- in back, controls movement of vocal chords (CAUSES SPEECH)
- cricoid cartilage- only cartilage ring to completely surround airway
nocturia
excessive urination at night (because of posteral change)
glottis
superior opening in larynx
4 breathing patterns
- eupnea- normal breathing (16-20 per min)
- apnea- temporary cessation of breathing (snoring, overweight, alcohol, preemies)
- dyspnea- painful breathing
- tachypnea- rapid breathing (~40 per min)
respiratory alkalosis
higher than nomal pH (caused by hyperventilation)
respiratory acidosis
lower than normal blood pH due to too much CO2 (anything that prevents blowing off CO2, shifts reaction to the left creating acidosis)
secretion
moves waste from the peritubular capillaries to DCTs, SELECTIVE
Macula Densa cells
ascending tubule cells in region where it makes contact with afferent arterioles (CONNECTS TUBES TO BLOOD)
normal blood pH
7.35-7.45
What breathing center is activating during respiratory acidosis?
pneumotaxic center
reabsorption
occurs between proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) and peritubular capillaries, ESPECIALLY glucose and water
peristalsis (in relation to urine)
mechanism that transports urine through ureters
Dalton’s Law
“each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure, as if all other gases were not present” (look at each gas individually)
partial pressure- pressure exerted by an individual gas (lower at altitudes… also what medicine is really interested in)
Boyle’s Law
“pressure of a gas in a closed container is inversely propertional to the volume of that container”
What does the descending limb do?
Na+ concentration gradient is higher outside of descending limb, so water is forced OUT the entire length of this and the Loop of Henle (60L)
filtration
non-selective (anything is filtered), main thing happening between glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule
principal cells
BIND SITES for ADH and aldosterone (goal- boost low blood volume and pressure)
asthma
spasm of smooth muscle walls of the terminal bronchioles
External respiration
exchange of gasses between lungs and blood
What does the ascending loop do?
impermiable to water, also Na+ is actively pumped back out to tissues here
ANP does what with the urinary system?
suppresses ADH and aldosterone, shuts down renin-angiotension pathway, promotes diuresis (urination)
Juxtagolerular apparatus
maintains normal glomerular blood pressure
EX- anger (causes BP to rise dramatically), juxtaglormerular apparatus wil vasoconstrict afferent arerioles (less blood in) and vasodilate efferent arterioles (more blood out)
What is the chemical formula responsible for blood pH?
CO2 + H2O ⇔ HCO3- + H+
(With carbonic anhydrase being the enzyme to go between the two)
2 branches of the pharynx
- larynx- anterior, inferior branch leads to respiratory system
- esophagus- posterior, inferior branch leads to stomach
dysuria
painful urination
What allows you to hold your breath?
cerebral cortex
binding effinity
how tightly hemoglobin attaches to O2 in lungs (lower the further away in the body)
renal capsule
protection, maintains shape
