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Anatomy and Physiology > Test Three > Flashcards

Test Three Flashcards

1
Q

titin

A

attaches myosin to the Z disc, stabilizes myosin from flipping

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2
Q

What is number 11?

A

I band

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3
Q

excitability

A

the ability of a muscle to be electrically stimulated

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4
Q

What is number 9?

A

H zone

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5
Q

Which band stays unchanged during muscle contraction?

A

A band

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6
Q

autorhythmic

A

“any cell that can open its own first sodium ion channel and start its own action potential”

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7
Q

What is the all-or-none principle?

A

“when a muscle is stimulated it will contract completely or not at all”

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8
Q

isotonic contraction

A

muscle shortens, (picking up a glass of TONIC water)

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9
Q

What are myoblasts?

A

Immature muscle cells

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10
Q

What is the main neurotransmitter?

A

acetylcholine

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11
Q

sarcolemma

A

muscle cell membrane

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12
Q

sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm of muscle cell

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13
Q

What are the 8 steps to a muscle contraction?

A
  1. electrical stimulus must travel down the neuron
  2. this causes the synaptic vesicles to line up and release acetylcholine (into the synaptic cleft)
  3. acetylcholine opens a sodium ion channel on the motor end plate of the muscle cell
  4. sodium ions fly into the cell, starting an action potential
  5. the action potential causes the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium ions
  6. calcium ions pull off troponin and roll back the tropomyosin. this opens up the myosin head binding sites
  7. ATP is broken down on the myosin head, this energy is put into the myosin head, popping it into the binding site(on both sides of the M-line)
  8. both energized heads engage and power stroke (rotate) pulling the Z-discs closer together
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14
Q

extensibility

A

muscle can be stretched without damaging the muscle

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15
Q

What is attached to the dense bodies?

A

intermediate filaments

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16
Q

What are the 5 sarcomere bands/lines/zones?

A
  • H zone- center of any sarcomere -A band-center part of a sarcomere that contains the whole myosin filament (and parts of actin filaments) -I band- only contains actin -Z disc- ends of the sarcomere -M line- middle thick bit, stops actin from contracting too far (think of it as a parking block)
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17
Q

What is complete tentanus and what is the contraction rate?

A

no relaxtion period between contractions, EMERGENCY ONLY; 80-100 times a second

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18
Q

tropomyosin

A

“wraps around thin filaments (actin) in relaxed muscle”

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19
Q

What is the contraction phase?

A

cell depolarizes, making charges equal on both sides

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20
Q

Is myosin thick or thin and does it slide or rotate?

A

thick, rotate

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21
Q

What organs do skeletal muscles make up and what does this muscle look like?

A

voluntary muscles; long fibers, striated

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22
Q

creatine kinase

A

shuttles phosphate from creatine to ADP for use when extra energy is needed fast

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23
Q

What is the refractory phase?

A

the cell is COMPLETELY depolarized, “at this refractory phase the cell has lost its membrane potential and can’t respond to a stimulus from another neuron”

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24
Q

motor unit

A

“a single motor neuron and all the muscle cells it associates with”

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25
Q

Who are the contractile proteins?

A

actin and myosin

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26
Q

What controls cardiac muscles?

A

autorhythmic

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27
Q

dendrites

A

carry signal to a cell body in a neuron

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28
Q

What are the 4 qualities of cardiac muscle?

A

-involuntary -highly elongated -intercalated discs -autorhythmic

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29
Q

What is number 2?

A

actin

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30
Q

axon

A

carries signal away from the cell body in a neuron

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31
Q

What is the perimysium and what type of tissue is it made of?

A

wraps around FASICICLES (bundles of 10-100 muscle cells) (dense irregular CT)

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32
Q

What controls smooth multi unit muscles?

A

nerves

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33
Q

What occurs during membrane potential? (contraction or relaxation)

A

Relaxation

34
Q

What organs do smooth visceral muscles make up and what does this muscle look like?

A

walls of blood vessels & hollow organs such as the bladder and stomach, pointy ends, involuntary

35
Q

What are numbers 1 & 6?

A

Z discs

36
Q

synapse

A

“communication between a neuron and another cell”

37
Q

What is number 2?

A

perimysium

38
Q

What is number 7?

A

sarcomere

39
Q

elasticity

A

ability of a stretched muscle to come back to its original shape

40
Q

Who inhibits contraction?

A

tropomyosin

41
Q

What is number 3?

A

endomysium

42
Q

What is incomplete tetanus and what is the contraction rate?

A

has relaxation periods between contractions, everyday contraction; 20-30 times a second

43
Q

Is actin thick or thin and does it slide or rotate?

A

thin; slides

44
Q

T-tubules

A

invaginations of cell membrane

45
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

tube that wraps around myofibril and contains many calcium ions

46
Q

What is endomysium and what type of tissue is it made of?

A

wraps around each INDIVIDUAL MUSCLE CELL (areolar CT)

47
Q

What is the latent phase?

A

waiting for calcium ions to enter the channel

48
Q

What controls skeletal muscles?

A

nerves

49
Q

What is number 1?

A

epimysium

50
Q

isometric contraction

A

muscle tenses but doesn’t shorten (trying to pick up a METRIC ton)

51
Q

What are the 4 functions of ATP with muscle cells?

A

-repolarize cell (pump sodium back out) -pump calcium ions back into sarcoplasmic reticulum -activate myosin heads -flight, flight or freeze response

52
Q

contractibility

A

“a muscle cell will contract forcefully in response to an action potential”

53
Q

What is number 3?

A

myosin

54
Q

Why are intercalated discs with their gap junctions so important?

A

“gap junctions in the intercalated discs allow electrical signals from the SA node to pass through the discs smoothly, keeping the heart chambers beating in rhythm”

55
Q

What are dense bodies?

A

structures to which intermediate filaments attach in smooth muscles to move

56
Q

What is the epimysium and what type of tissue is it?

A

wraps around ENTIRE muscles (dense irregular CT)

57
Q

What occurs during action potential? (contraction or relaxation)

A

contraction

58
Q

What are the 4 phases for a twitch contraction?

A
  • latent phase- waiting for calcium ions to enter channel
  • contraction phase- cell depolarizes, making charges equal on both sides
  • ***refractory phase***- cell is completely depolarized, “at the refractory phase the cell has lost its membrane potential and can’t respond to a stimulus from another neuron”
  • repolarization (relaxation) phase- ATP pumps sodium out of the cell, restoring the membrane potential
59
Q

What do myosin heads rotate towards during a power stroke?

A

the M line

60
Q

motor end plate

A

muscle cell receptor site directly opposite of the synaptic vesicles, this opens sodiem ion channels

61
Q

What are the 2 ways muscle contraction is controlled?

A

-the number and size of motor units recruited -the frequency of stimulation

62
Q

What organ does cardiac muscles make up and what does this muscle look like?

A

cardiac; involuntary, highly elongated & branched cells, intercalated discs

63
Q

What disappears during muscle contraction

A
  • I bands
  • H zone
64
Q

action potential

A

the rolling open of sodium ion channels around the cell membrane (depolarized)

65
Q

calsequestrin

A

protein that neatly organizes calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum

66
Q

What is the repolarization (relaxation) phase?

A

ATP pumps sodium out of the cell, restoring the membrane potential

67
Q

What is number 4?

A

M line

68
Q

What are fascicles?

A

bundles of 10-100 muscle cells

69
Q

What is number 5?

A

titin

70
Q

What controls smooth visceral muscles?

A

autorhythmic or hormones

71
Q

troponin

A

“holds troposyosin onto thin filaments (actin), blocking binding sites”

72
Q

myomesin

A

protein that makes up the M line

73
Q

What is the mesoderm?

A

where skeletal muscles come from, it differentiates into myoblasts

74
Q

What enzyme stores phosphate and when is this used?

A

creatine kinase; used when extra energy is needed fast

75
Q

membrane potential

A

“whenever a cell has a difference in charge across its membrane” (polarized)

76
Q

myoglobin

A

special protein that stores oxygen in muscle cells (leaks into blood when a muscle is damaged)

77
Q

What’s the difference between a myofibril and a sarcomere?

A

a myofibril is a bunch of sarcomeres connected together at their Z discs (makes muscle stringy)

78
Q

What organs do smooth multi unit muscles make up and what does this muscle look like?

A

arrector pili & iris, pointy ends, involuntary

79
Q

synaptic cleft

A

space between axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another

80
Q

What is number 10?

A

A band

Anatomy and Physiology (15 decks)

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