*Test Three Flashcards
Cell Mediated pathway
- MHC II takes the epitopes the B-cells have pulled off in Humoral immunity and waves them around (antigen presentation)
- Tc cells recognize these MHC II cells as viruses (remember, MHC II is holding onto a piece of the virus)
- The Th cells then activate these Tc cells, who roam around the body looking for infected cells that have these epitome markers
- If they find these epitope markers in one of your body cells, the Tc cells produce perforin, puncturing the infected cell and stopping the virus from spreading.
What is neutralization?
“process where anibodies mask or hide infective parts of an antigen”
Efferent lymphatic vessels
lead away from the node
What matures T-cells and where?
thymosin matures them in the thymus gland
What are interferons?
Chemicals that warn healthy cells of a virus
What are the 4 cardiac drugs?
- beta blockers- block the sympathetic nerve from stimulating the SA node, keeping HR/BP down
- ACE inhibitors- stop renin angiotensin pathway (can’t increase blood volume- very thirsty)
- calcium channel blockers- won’t let Ca++ into heart cells, slows SA node/HR
- Digoxin- treats atrial arrhythmias
What chemicals enhance the inflammatory response?
prostaglandins and leukotrienes
What is blood pressure the main indicator for?
Cardiac efficiency
How do you make the mL to L with CO?
Move decimal point three places left
complement activation
enhances inflammatory response by alerting basophils (great example of 2nd line defense)
Stroke volume depends on what two things?
- preload- “depends on blood volume and amount of blood loaded into left ventricle when relaxed”
- contractility- “strength of contraction at any given preload”
Who produces T-cells?
red bone marrow makes ALL blood cells
Digoxin
Treats atrial arrhythmias
What is a baroreceptor?
“Neurological structures that monitors stretch in the aorta, carotid arteries, and right atrium”
What is the Frank-Starling Law?
“Increased preload causes increased contractility”
Define cardiac output and the equation
Amount of blood pumped out by left ventricle in a minute
CO = SV x HR
REMEMBER IT IS IN LITERS PER MINUTE
passive natural immunity
mom & baby: placenta, breastmilk
passice immunity
given antibodies from outside (only last 24-48 hrs)
What are Ts cells?
suppresser T’s, “inhibit T & B cells when pathogen is eliminated” (slows things down)
4 steps of the humoral pathway
- B-cell activated, ingests pathogen
- B-cell attaches epitopes to MHC II marker (ANTIGEN PRESENTATION)
- Th cell binds to MHC II, produces interleukin II
- interleukin II pushes B-cell to divide into two groups: memory cells and plasma cells (plasma cells make antibodies)
What hormone corrects hypotension and what is this hormone released by?
Aldosterone- released by angiotensin II, forces water into blood using sodium. ADH also holds water.
Beta blockers
block the sympathetic nerve from stimulating the SA node, keeping HR/BP down
What are the three steps interferons use to attack a virus?
- infected cell releases interferons
- interferons go to neighboring healthy cells, warning them of virus
- warned cells produce antiviral proteins as protection
What is an antigen?
“ANYTHING a body perceives as foreign”
What is histamine?
inflammatory response chemical (released by basophils)
What does neucelotide shuffling do?
creates different mRNA codons for each new infection
passive artifical immunity
antibody shot (rabies)
ACE inhibitors
stop angiotensin pathway (can’t increase blood volume- side effect is extreme thirsty)
What are autoimmune diseases?
When your immune system recognizes your own cells as foreign & destroys them (RA, Lupus, ALS)
Who pulls off the epitopes?
B-cells
nervous system and hypotension
- baroreceptors detect hypotension
- reports to cardiovascular center in medulla
- sympathetic response
- cardiac accelerator nerve
- speeds up SA node
- increases contractility
- vasoconstricts arteries
What is normal BP, HR, SV?
120/80 mmHg 75 bpm 70 mL
active artifical immunity
vaccines like chicken pox, DPT, MMR (inject epitopes at no risk, not true of weak/dead virus)
What are Tc cells?
cytotoxic T’s, recognize MHC I as a virus, then produce perforin to kill infected cell
What are lymph nodules?
“clusters of lymphocytes embedded on reticular fibers within mucus membranes”
What is opsonization?
“process where a compliment protein binds to a microbe and phagocytic cell simultaneously”
Where does pressure have to be to force fluid into a lymphatic capillary?
if pressure outside (in tissue) is greater than inside the lymphatic capillary (lumen) the fenestrations split apart and fluid moves in
What are non-specific defenses?
born with these, act on any invader (1st, 2nd, 3rd line defenses)
active natural immunity
best, actually get disease (strep)
active immunity
permanent, must be exposed to pathogen
Nucleotide shuffling occurs where?
B-cells and antibodies
What are perforins?
destroy the integreity of the infected cell’s membrane
Who is the most important lymph nodule?
the pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
What are T-cells?
lymphocytes for intracellular infections (kill infected cells)
Where does pressure have to be to force fluid out of a lymphatic capillary?
if pressure inside is greater, fenestrations close up and keep fluid in the tissue
What are lacteals?
Small lymphatic capillaries that absorb lipids from digestion
What happens if nucleotide shuffling doesn’t occur?
you only make ONE antibody type instead of billions, you then have to inject an antibody specific to the disease daily (rabies)
What are epitopes?
“foreign markers on the surface of microbes capable of eliciting an immune response”
What hormone corrects hypertension, how, and what releases this hormone?
ANP- (atrial natriuretic peptide) responds to high BP (by stoping the renin angiotensin pathway) and is made by the right atrium
antigen presentation
B-cell attaches epitopes to MHC II marker
1st line defenses?
barriers (skin, tears, mucus)
What is a pathogen?
a disease producing organism (living antigen)
What are lymph nodes?
ENCAPSULATED lymphatic tissue found within vessels (obvious in cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions)
What does the spleen do?
filters blood and acts as a blood reservoir
Afferent lymphatic vessels
lead towards the node (A- Away from tissue)
MHC II
“special markers embedded in the membranes of macrophages & B-cells (that IDs epitopes of invaders for T-cells and calls them over)
Blood pressure
“Pressure of blood against the inside wall of a blood vessel”
Calcium channel blockers
won’t let Ca++ into heart cells, slows SA node/HR
What does a fever do?
“typical body wide 2nd line response to infection” (raise body temp to kill of invaders)
MHC stands for what?
“major histocompatability complex”
Uncontroled diabetics and hypertension, why?
- high glucose levels increase viscosity of blood
- increase in vessel length (many are overweight, but this also happens in tall people)
Who makes perforin?
Tc cells at the end of the cell mediated pathway
What are interleukins?
“chemical messengers that coordinate the activites of the immune system”
MHC I
ID’s markers on surface of all cells (skin, skin, NOT SKIN)
What are Th cells?
helper T’s, “mediate both humoral and cell mediated pathways” (speed things up)
What is the normal range for cardiac output?
4-6L
REMEMBER IT IS LITERS PER MINUTE
nervous system and hypertension
- baroreceptors detect hypertension
- reports to cardiovascular center in medulla
- parapsymapthetic response
- vagus nerve (CN X)
- slows down SA node
- decreases contractility
- vasodilates arterioles
leukotrienes
enhance histamine (inflammatory) response
