*Test One Flashcards
cervix
exit, mucus plugs normally (thins and comes out during period)
3 steps to an erection
artery is parasympathetically stimulated, vasodilation increases blood flow, organ fills with blood
allantois
extra fetal bladder (until ureters grow)
progesterone
matures endometrial lining, pregnancy
antrum
gathered vesicles, form graafian follicle (preovulatory phase) (Mike Wazowski smile)
testosterone
major male hormone (made in leydig cells), male embryonic development, secondary traits, aggression
male prophase I
synapsis (chromosomes flip over and atop each other) and cross over
leydig cells
make testosterone
tunica albuginea
fibrous, forms incomplete septa
Criptochidism
Undescended testicles, fix before the age of 2 or higher cancer rate / damage by body heat
Erectile dysfunction
Psychological or physical (sleep study to tell difference)
endometrial layers
functional- sheds
basal- regeneration occurs here
miscarriages (why)
ectopic, chorion doesn’t attach to secretory folds well enough,
spermiogenesis
maturation of spermatids
spermatids
immature sperm cells
zygote
egg and sperm
broad ligament
holds uterus
sertoli cells
span seminiferous tubule walls, nurtures germ cells in spermatogenesis
synapsis
chromosomes flip over and atop each other
Toxic shock syndrome
Fatal condition from tampons and ectopic pregnancies
pregnancy occurs on what days of 28 day cycle?
14th most likely, 15th maybe
female anaphase I
away to ends
male anaphase II
away (chromatids move to opposite sides of the cell)
graafian follicles
mature secondary follicle (preovulatory phase)
fimbriae
fingers, move egg to fallopian tubes
estrogen
granulosa cells, secondary traits, embryo development, water balance, lowers cholesterol
male prophase II
starts with secondary spermatocytes
HCG (what makes it, when, and why)
chorion cells make HCG to keep corpus luteum going after 21 days, only make when you are pregnant
male telophase I
cells split, generating first haploid cells
seminiferous tubules
produce sperm (in lobules)
lobules
testis compartments
corpus cavernosa
2 dorsal erectile tissues in males
seminal vesicles
secretions contain fructose (energy source), alkaline to neutralize FEMALE urine, clotting factors (clump sperm to protect from urine), prostaglandins ( help sperm motility and viability)
blastocyst
hollow, 2 cell layers (trophoblast for placenta and embryoblast for embryo), day 6
acrosome
cap of sperm, enzymes (all sperm release enzymes at once)
estrogen
made by granulosa cells, secondary traits, embryonic development, controls water balance, lowers cholesterol
granulosa cells
make estrogen
Testicular torsion
Testes flip and turn. Cuts off blood supply (painful), 1 hour to save testes
male anaphase I
away (pairs move to opposite sides of the cell)
fallopian tubes
cilia moves egg to uterus
infundibulum
fimbriae attach here (funnel like)
corpus hemorrhagicum
damaged follicle left by ovulation (ovulatory phase)
where is testosterone produced?
leydig cells
yolk sac
outside placenta, forms blood cells, contains germ cells
male metaphase II
middle (sister chromatids line up in the center)
female telophase I
now have a secondary oocyte and the first polar body
HCG
chorion cells make this, keeps corpus luteum going, EPT tests this, high levels equal Downs or twins and is tested by amniocentesis
progesterone
from thecal cells of corpus luteum, pregnancy hormone, takes uterus from proliferative to secretory state, produce milk
prostaglandins
hormones, sperm motility and viability
allantois
bladder until ureters grow
female metaphase I
middle
What does LH do in males?
binds to leydig cells to make testosterone
epididymis
duct, matures sperm
What does FSH do in females?
takes primordial follicles to primary follicles, oogenesis
prostate
citric acid secretions (potential ATP source), enlarges with age, declotting factors
is it possible to become pregnant without the big LH surge?
No, without the LH surge the egg can’t rupture the graafian follicle and can’t be released
oogenesis
creating eggs
vas deferens
tube transports sperm back into body (outside for lower temp- dartos and cremaster muscles help this)
raphe
scrotal midline (used for surgery)
bulbourethral gland
“highly alkaline secretions are activated during arousal to clean acidic urine from the MALE urethra” B-boy
What does LH do in females?
ruptures follicle, ovulation
What does FSH do in males and where?
binds to sertoli cells and with testosterone promotes spermatogenesis
amnion
encases baby, filled with fetal urine, cushions, amniocentesis tests fluid in here for women over 35 (because higher birth defects)
What does inhibin do in females?
stops FSH so pregnancy can progress
male infertility (why)
genetics, trauma, low sperm count, varicocele, increased temp, erectile dysfunction
what day for LH surge?
14th (ovulation)
corpus albicans
dead corpus luteum (no pregnancy) (post ovulatory phase)
male telophase II
cells split, generating 4 spermatids (immature sperm cells)
polar body
small cell, gets rid of extra chromosomes in telophase I (meiosis)
female prophase II
secondary oocyte
What does GnRH do in females?
releases FSH
female telophase II
second polar body
inhibin
granulosa cells, stops FSH (no period if pregnant)
ovulation
release of egg, ruptures graafian follicle (ovulatory phase)
Endometriosis
Growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus
What does inhibin do in males?
stops FSH (spermatogenesis) when the ampulla is full
Variococeal
Varicose vein in testes causes infertility by raising temperature (killing sperm)
Jacobs Syndrome
XYY, VERY aggressive
preovulatory phase
days 6-13, endometrium is repaired, meiosis I is complete, FSH causes vesicles to gather and form antrum (large fluid vesicle), antrum matures into the graafian follicle, oocyte granulosa still make estrogen (stops FSH), egg is pushed to one side and surrounded by corona radiata (condensed granulosa cells), GnRH causes LH surge
corona radiata
condensed granulosa cells (preovulatory phase)
theca cells
fluid capsule, makes progesterone (menstrual phase)
corpus luteum
repaired corpus hemorrhagicum, makes estrogen & progesterone (support for first 14 days) (post ovulatory phase)
primary oocyte
prophase I, initial egg (crossing over & synapsis)
when is the morula formed?
3rd day after fertilization
inhibin
made by granulosa cells of corpus luteum, inhibits FSH production
secondary oocyte
telophase I, generates polar body, becomes egg, completes this after capacitation/fertilization
oogonium
female germ cell
post ovulatory luteal phase
days 15-28, LH causes corpus hemorrhagicum repair which becomes the corpus luteum, corpus luteum granulosa make estrogen, theca cells make progesterone. No pregnancy? corpus luteum dies and becomes the corpus albicans, corpus albicans theca cells and granulosa die, this drops estrogen & progesterone levels, fall releases GnRH and the cycle repeats
pregnancy? progesterone from theca cells thickens endometrial layer of uterus (proliferative state), proliferative state turns into secretory state with many tunnels for placenta to attach into, theca cells (corpus luteum) keep making progesterone (LH helps first 14 days then HCG the rest of the way)
What does GnRH do in males?
releases LH/FSH
relaxin
made by granulosa cells after it becomes the corpus luteum, relaxes uterus
zona pellucida
fluid layer initially seen in primary follicles, immediately closes after fertilization (menstrual phase)
ovulation
day 14, LH causes egg (secondary oocyte) to rupture Graafian follicle, remaining damaged follicle is called the corpus hemorrhagicum
morula
solid mass at day 3
capacitation
change sperm cells undergo in female, release ALL acrosomes at once
simple menstruation explanation (actual period part)
estrogen & progesterone levels fall, arteries vasoconstrict, blood is cut off, tissue becomes ischemic, elimination
crossing over
chromosome parts switch, this is responsible for genetic diversity
when is the blastocyst formed?
6th day after fertilization
prolapsed uterus
broad ligament can stretch, uterus falls (pregnancy, age)
spermiogenesis
maturing sperm
spermatogonium
male germ cell
seminal vesicles
fructose, alkaline (neutralizes FEMALE urine), clotting factors
relaxin
relaxes uterus, granulosa cells
menstrual phase
days 1-5, menses is from estrogen & progesterone level drops which causes ischemia of endometrium. Drop also triggers GnRH to release FSH. FSH turns some primordial follicles into primary follicles. Zona pellucida forms (fluid layer in primary follicle). Primary follicles turns into secondary follicle because of estrogen. Theca (fluid capsule) forms around secondary follicle.
trophoblast
placenta
female prophase I
begins with primary oocyte (crossing over and synapsing) (MOST EGGS STUCK HERE)
ampulla
enlarged end of vas deferens, sperm storage for up to 4 months
spermatogenesis
making sperm
trophoblast layer
forms placenta, embryoblast, embryo
male metaphase I
middle (chromosomes line up in the middle)
chorion
fetal part of placenta, allows nutrients to pass, fits in secretory folds
corpus spongiosum
ventral erectile tissue in males
blood-testes barrier
sertoli cells with tight junctions, immune system is stopped from attacking sperm
Where is progesterone made?
Theca cells of corpus luteum
Where is inhibin made
Granulosa
What closes after fertilization
Zona pellucida
What cell makes up the blood-testes barrier?
Sertoli with tight functions
