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Anatomy and Physiology > *Test One > Flashcards

*Test One Flashcards

1
Q

cervix

A

exit, mucus plugs normally (thins and comes out during period)

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2
Q

3 steps to an erection

A

artery is parasympathetically stimulated, vasodilation increases blood flow, organ fills with blood

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3
Q

allantois

A

extra fetal bladder (until ureters grow)

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4
Q

progesterone

A

matures endometrial lining, pregnancy

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5
Q

antrum

A

gathered vesicles, form graafian follicle (preovulatory phase) (Mike Wazowski smile)

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6
Q

testosterone

A

major male hormone (made in leydig cells), male embryonic development, secondary traits, aggression

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7
Q

male prophase I

A

synapsis (chromosomes flip over and atop each other) and cross over

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8
Q

leydig cells

A

make testosterone

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9
Q

tunica albuginea

A

fibrous, forms incomplete septa

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10
Q

Criptochidism

A

Undescended testicles, fix before the age of 2 or higher cancer rate / damage by body heat

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11
Q

Erectile dysfunction

A

Psychological or physical (sleep study to tell difference)

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12
Q

endometrial layers

A

functional- sheds

basal- regeneration occurs here

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13
Q

miscarriages (why)

A

ectopic, chorion doesn’t attach to secretory folds well enough,

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14
Q

spermiogenesis

A

maturation of spermatids

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15
Q

spermatids

A

immature sperm cells

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16
Q

zygote

A

egg and sperm

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17
Q

broad ligament

A

holds uterus

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18
Q

sertoli cells

A

span seminiferous tubule walls, nurtures germ cells in spermatogenesis

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19
Q

synapsis

A

chromosomes flip over and atop each other

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20
Q

Toxic shock syndrome

A

Fatal condition from tampons and ectopic pregnancies

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21
Q

pregnancy occurs on what days of 28 day cycle?

A

14th most likely, 15th maybe

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22
Q

female anaphase I

A

away to ends

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23
Q

male anaphase II

A

away (chromatids move to opposite sides of the cell)

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24
Q

graafian follicles

A

mature secondary follicle (preovulatory phase)

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25
Q

fimbriae

A

fingers, move egg to fallopian tubes

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26
Q

estrogen

A

granulosa cells, secondary traits, embryo development, water balance, lowers cholesterol

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27
Q

male prophase II

A

starts with secondary spermatocytes

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28
Q

HCG (what makes it, when, and why)

A

chorion cells make HCG to keep corpus luteum going after 21 days, only make when you are pregnant

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29
Q

male telophase I

A

cells split, generating first haploid cells

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30
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

produce sperm (in lobules)

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31
Q

lobules

A

testis compartments

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32
Q

corpus cavernosa

A

2 dorsal erectile tissues in males

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33
Q

seminal vesicles

A

secretions contain fructose (energy source), alkaline to neutralize FEMALE urine, clotting factors (clump sperm to protect from urine), prostaglandins ( help sperm motility and viability)

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34
Q

blastocyst

A

hollow, 2 cell layers (trophoblast for placenta and embryoblast for embryo), day 6

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35
Q

acrosome

A

cap of sperm, enzymes (all sperm release enzymes at once)

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36
Q

estrogen

A

made by granulosa cells, secondary traits, embryonic development, controls water balance, lowers cholesterol

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37
Q

granulosa cells

A

make estrogen

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38
Q

Testicular torsion

A

Testes flip and turn. Cuts off blood supply (painful), 1 hour to save testes

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39
Q

male anaphase I

A

away (pairs move to opposite sides of the cell)

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40
Q

fallopian tubes

A

cilia moves egg to uterus

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41
Q

infundibulum

A

fimbriae attach here (funnel like)

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42
Q

corpus hemorrhagicum

A

damaged follicle left by ovulation (ovulatory phase)

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43
Q

where is testosterone produced?

A

leydig cells

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44
Q

yolk sac

A

outside placenta, forms blood cells, contains germ cells

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45
Q

male metaphase II

A

middle (sister chromatids line up in the center)

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46
Q

female telophase I

A

now have a secondary oocyte and the first polar body

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47
Q

HCG

A

chorion cells make this, keeps corpus luteum going, EPT tests this, high levels equal Downs or twins and is tested by amniocentesis

48
Q

progesterone

A

from thecal cells of corpus luteum, pregnancy hormone, takes uterus from proliferative to secretory state, produce milk

49
Q

prostaglandins

A

hormones, sperm motility and viability

50
Q

allantois

A

bladder until ureters grow

51
Q

female metaphase I

A

middle

52
Q

What does LH do in males?

A

binds to leydig cells to make testosterone

53
Q

epididymis

A

duct, matures sperm

54
Q

What does FSH do in females?

A

takes primordial follicles to primary follicles, oogenesis

55
Q

prostate

A

citric acid secretions (potential ATP source), enlarges with age, declotting factors

56
Q

is it possible to become pregnant without the big LH surge?

A

No, without the LH surge the egg can’t rupture the graafian follicle and can’t be released

57
Q

oogenesis

A

creating eggs

58
Q

vas deferens

A

tube transports sperm back into body (outside for lower temp- dartos and cremaster muscles help this)

59
Q

raphe

A

scrotal midline (used for surgery)

60
Q

bulbourethral gland

A

“highly alkaline secretions are activated during arousal to clean acidic urine from the MALE urethra” B-boy

61
Q

What does LH do in females?

A

ruptures follicle, ovulation

62
Q

What does FSH do in males and where?

A

binds to sertoli cells and with testosterone promotes spermatogenesis

63
Q

amnion

A

encases baby, filled with fetal urine, cushions, amniocentesis tests fluid in here for women over 35 (because higher birth defects)

64
Q

What does inhibin do in females?

A

stops FSH so pregnancy can progress

65
Q

male infertility (why)

A

genetics, trauma, low sperm count, varicocele, increased temp, erectile dysfunction

66
Q

what day for LH surge?

A

14th (ovulation)

67
Q

corpus albicans

A

dead corpus luteum (no pregnancy) (post ovulatory phase)

68
Q

male telophase II

A

cells split, generating 4 spermatids (immature sperm cells)

69
Q

polar body

A

small cell, gets rid of extra chromosomes in telophase I (meiosis)

70
Q

female prophase II

A

secondary oocyte

71
Q

What does GnRH do in females?

A

releases FSH

72
Q

female telophase II

A

second polar body

73
Q

inhibin

A

granulosa cells, stops FSH (no period if pregnant)

74
Q

ovulation

A

release of egg, ruptures graafian follicle (ovulatory phase)

75
Q

Endometriosis

A

Growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus

76
Q

What does inhibin do in males?

A

stops FSH (spermatogenesis) when the ampulla is full

77
Q

Variococeal

A

Varicose vein in testes causes infertility by raising temperature (killing sperm)

78
Q

Jacobs Syndrome

A

XYY, VERY aggressive

79
Q

preovulatory phase

A

days 6-13, endometrium is repaired, meiosis I is complete, FSH causes vesicles to gather and form antrum (large fluid vesicle), antrum matures into the graafian follicle, oocyte granulosa still make estrogen (stops FSH), egg is pushed to one side and surrounded by corona radiata (condensed granulosa cells), GnRH causes LH surge

80
Q

corona radiata

A

condensed granulosa cells (preovulatory phase)

81
Q

theca cells

A

fluid capsule, makes progesterone (menstrual phase)

82
Q

corpus luteum

A

repaired corpus hemorrhagicum, makes estrogen & progesterone (support for first 14 days) (post ovulatory phase)

83
Q

primary oocyte

A

prophase I, initial egg (crossing over & synapsis)

84
Q

when is the morula formed?

A

3rd day after fertilization

85
Q

inhibin

A

made by granulosa cells of corpus luteum, inhibits FSH production

86
Q

secondary oocyte

A

telophase I, generates polar body, becomes egg, completes this after capacitation/fertilization

87
Q

oogonium

A

female germ cell

88
Q

post ovulatory luteal phase

A

days 15-28, LH causes corpus hemorrhagicum repair which becomes the corpus luteum, corpus luteum granulosa make estrogen, theca cells make progesterone. No pregnancy? corpus luteum dies and becomes the corpus albicans, corpus albicans theca cells and granulosa die, this drops estrogen & progesterone levels, fall releases GnRH and the cycle repeats

pregnancy? progesterone from theca cells thickens endometrial layer of uterus (proliferative state), proliferative state turns into secretory state with many tunnels for placenta to attach into, theca cells (corpus luteum) keep making progesterone (LH helps first 14 days then HCG the rest of the way)

89
Q

What does GnRH do in males?

A

releases LH/FSH

90
Q

relaxin

A

made by granulosa cells after it becomes the corpus luteum, relaxes uterus

91
Q

zona pellucida

A

fluid layer initially seen in primary follicles, immediately closes after fertilization (menstrual phase)

92
Q

ovulation

A

day 14, LH causes egg (secondary oocyte) to rupture Graafian follicle, remaining damaged follicle is called the corpus hemorrhagicum

93
Q

morula

A

solid mass at day 3

94
Q

capacitation

A

change sperm cells undergo in female, release ALL acrosomes at once

95
Q

simple menstruation explanation (actual period part)

A

estrogen & progesterone levels fall, arteries vasoconstrict, blood is cut off, tissue becomes ischemic, elimination

96
Q

crossing over

A

chromosome parts switch, this is responsible for genetic diversity

97
Q

when is the blastocyst formed?

A

6th day after fertilization

98
Q

prolapsed uterus

A

broad ligament can stretch, uterus falls (pregnancy, age)

99
Q

spermiogenesis

A

maturing sperm

100
Q

spermatogonium

A

male germ cell

101
Q

seminal vesicles

A

fructose, alkaline (neutralizes FEMALE urine), clotting factors

102
Q

relaxin

A

relaxes uterus, granulosa cells

103
Q

menstrual phase

A

days 1-5, menses is from estrogen & progesterone level drops which causes ischemia of endometrium. Drop also triggers GnRH to release FSH. FSH turns some primordial follicles into primary follicles. Zona pellucida forms (fluid layer in primary follicle). Primary follicles turns into secondary follicle because of estrogen. Theca (fluid capsule) forms around secondary follicle.

104
Q

trophoblast

A

placenta

105
Q

female prophase I

A

begins with primary oocyte (crossing over and synapsing) (MOST EGGS STUCK HERE)

106
Q

ampulla

A

enlarged end of vas deferens, sperm storage for up to 4 months

107
Q

spermatogenesis

A

making sperm

108
Q

trophoblast layer

A

forms placenta, embryoblast, embryo

109
Q

male metaphase I

A

middle (chromosomes line up in the middle)

110
Q

chorion

A

fetal part of placenta, allows nutrients to pass, fits in secretory folds

111
Q

corpus spongiosum

A

ventral erectile tissue in males

112
Q

blood-testes barrier

A

sertoli cells with tight junctions, immune system is stopped from attacking sperm

113
Q

Where is progesterone made?

A

Theca cells of corpus luteum

114
Q

Where is inhibin made

A

Granulosa

115
Q

What closes after fertilization

A

Zona pellucida

116
Q

What cell makes up the blood-testes barrier?

A

Sertoli with tight functions

Anatomy and Physiology (15 decks)

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