Test 4 part 4 Flashcards
A transperitoneal endoscopic technique that allows visualization and instrumentation of the pelvic structures through small incisions
Allows for diagnosis and management of gynecologic disorders without laparotomy
Laparoscopy
The surgical opening of the abdomen for exploration
Laparotomy
Complete removal of the uterus
May or may not remove ovaries and fallopian tubes (bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy or BSO
Hysterectomy
Removal of uterus without removal of cervix
Theory for use of this procedure is that innervation of bladder is less likely affected and patient belief that cervix removal leads to decrease in sexual pleasure
Partial hysterectomy
Removal of uterine body and cervix
Done for invasive cancer
May occur with or without BSO
Total hysterectomy
Removal of uterus, cervix, & BSO & portion of vagina. Performed for invasive cancers of the cervix
Radical hysterectomy
Cysts that occur secondary to hormonal stimulation. Rare prior to menarche or after menopause (
Functional types
Most common type of cyst
Follicle fails to rupture and release egg during ovulation
Follicular
Cyst that forms from failure of corpus luteum to degenerate-seals and generates a cavity filled with fluid or blood
Luteal (hemorrhagic)
cysts that are usually larger than 5 cm
Forms from skin precursor cells and develop when ovarian cells multiply
Most common ovarial germ cell tumor
Dermoid
treatment for endometrial cancer
Hysterectomy with BSO
May need additional chemo or radiation
is a dynamic entity formed during puberty and, histologically, is the area where the glandular epithelium is being replaced by squamous epithelium
Transformation zone
is adjacent to the borders of the ectocervix and the endocervix of the canal.
Squamocolumnar junction
most cervical dysplasia occurs where
The transformation zone
when does the onset of menses typically happen
between 9 and 16 average age is 12
when does puberty usually occur
between ages 8 and 13
puberty is triggered by
the production of GnRH from the hypothalamus
GnRH stimulates
the pituitary to produce Gonadotropins that stimulate ovarian estrogen
appearance of breast tissue and or pubic hair before age 8
precocious puberty
begins day 1 of menstruation, lasts for 12-14 days. Graafian follicle (GF) matures under the influence of LH and FSH. It is the GF that produces estrogen
Follicular phase
Begins when estrogen peaks and ends with release of the oocyte from mature GF – referred to as ovulation.
LH surge 12- 36 hours prior to ovulation
Decrease in estrogen and increase in progesterone levels prior to LH surge
The ovulatory phase
begins after ovulation, last for ~ 14 days. Corpus luteum (CL) forms from the empty follicle
High levels of progesterone from the corpus luteum
If pregnant – corpus luteum continues progesterone production
No pregnancy – Corpus luteum degenerates decrease in progesterone menstruation
Luteal phase
Starts after the end of menstruation and ends with ovulation
Endometrium prepares for implantation thicker & vascular
Changes results from increase in estrogen Graafian foll:
proliferative phase
Begins after ovulation & ends with the onset of menstruation
Endometrium continue to thicken – primary hormone here is the progesterone produced by corpus luteum
Pregnancy endometrium develops further
No pregnancy corpus luteum degenerates endometrium degenerates
secretory phase