Exam 3 part 3 Flashcards
are defined as any drug, viruses, infections, or other exposures that can cause embryonic and or fetal development abnormality
teratogens
Degree ant type of malformation depends on
Length of exposure
Amount of exposure
When it occurs during human development
ionizing radiation cause most damage to the
central nervous system
ionizing radiation can cause
Mental retardation
Microcephaly
IUGR
deficiency of vitamin A can lead to
eye
cleft lip
facial defects
deficiency of vitamin B can lead to
neural tube defects
Infantile seizures
deficiency of vitamin C can lead to
neural tube defects
deficiency of vitamin D can lead to
Reduced fetal growth
Neonatal hypocalcemia
Neonatal rickets
defective tooth enamel
maternal diabetes can lead to fetal
IUGR
Cardiac defects
folic acid metabolic abnormalities can lead to fetal
neural tube defects
maternal hyperthermia can lead to fetal
Neural tube defects
maternal hypo and hyperthyroidism can lead to fetal
Heart
Kidney
CNS
chorionic villus sampling (CVS) usually done before day 70 can cause
limb anomalies
medication class that has controlled studies that show no risk Ex: folic acid
category A
medication class that has studies in animals or humans that show fetal abnormalities or there is evidence of fetal risk based on human use and the risk clearly outweighs and benefit Ex: Isotretinoin (Acutain)
category X
medication class that has animal studies that do not show risk but there are no human studies or animal studies show adverse effects but this is not confirmed in human studies Ex: amoxicillin and augmentin
category B
medication class that has animal studies that show risk and there are no human studies or there are no human or animal studies Ex: Rifamoicin
category C
medication class that has positive evidence of human fetal risk but benefits for some women outweigh the risk Ex: phenytoin and ACE inhibitors
category D
side effects of marijuana use in pregnancy
Stimulate uterine contractions
Shortened gestation (dose dependent)
IUGR
Neurobehavioral effects
Effects of cocaine on pregnancy
Increased risk for miscarriage early in pregnancy
May trigger preterm labor
IUGR
Increased risk for placental abruption
effects of cocaine on newborn
Increased irritability
increased startle reflex
difficulty with habituation
Difficult to console
heroin pregnancy effects
Preterm labor PROM PIH Placental abnormalities Stillbirth
fetal effects of heroin
Increased fetal lung maturity
meconium stained amniotic fluid
respiratory problem after birth
Withdrawal with possible seizures
drug prescribed to block withdrawal symptoms and cravings
methadone
maternal effects of amphetamines
Abruption PTL Cardiac arrhythmia Poor appetite Insomnia
fetus effects of amphetamines
IUGR
Reduced brain growth
newborn effects of ampthetamines
Withdrawal
Congenital heart defects
Increased clubfoot (in females)
Increased cleft lip and palate
used for alcohol assessment
CAGE
when can moms use barbiturates for withdrawal from alcohol
after first trimester
Facial appearance in FAS
Microcephaly
Flat maxillary area
Flat philtrum
Thin upper lip
women who smoke have increased risk of
Miscarriage Stillbirth Placenta previa Placental abruption PROM PTL and preterm birth
a gene that is always expressed even if only one copy is present
autosomal dominant
two copies of a defective gene must be present for it to be expressed
autosomal recessive
examples of autosomal dominant disorders
Huntington’s
Achondroplasia
examples of autosomal recessive disorders
Sickle cell
Tay sachs
Cystic fibrosis
Thalassemia
males only inherit these from their fathers
Most rare type of disorder
Y-linked disorders
Male or female child can express this
Father who carry can give it to daughters
Mothers can affect both genders
x linked dominate
Both mother and father must give via the X chromosome for girls to express
Sons can only express if only mother is affected
If only father affected daughters will carry his X
x linked recessive
Examples of x linked recessive
Color blindness
Hemophilia
Duchenes muscular dystrophy
male congenital anomalies
Cleft lip alone Hypospadiasis Clubfoot Hirschprung disease diaphragmatic hernia Pyloric stenosis Congenital heart defects
female congenital anomalies
Congenital hip dislocation Anencephaly Spina bifida Pyloric stenosis Congenital heart defects
Lip alone or with palate seen primarily in
males
palate alone seen more in
females
shoulder dystocia can lead to
palsy
fracture
neurological trauma
TORCH stands for
Toxoplasmosis Other (T.plallidum, VZV, parvovitus, hepatitis) Rubella virus Cytomegalvoirus (CMV) Herpes simplex virus
chorioretinitis can lead to what
color blindness
neonate complications from toxoplasmosis are
hydrocephalus
intracranial calcification
when is the greatest risk for congenital varicella
first 20 weeks
mother with VZV after 20 weeks but before 110 days prior to delivery are treated symptomatically and given
acyclovir
if the mother has VZV prior to 20 weeks the fetus can develop
congenital varicella syndrome
treat infants with VZV with
VZIG
CVS is associated with
Cataracts Chorioretinitis limb hypoplasia mental retardation dermatone lesions cutaneous scars
if maternal rubella contracted prior to 8 weeks there is a chance of
congenital rubella syndrome
congenital rubella syndrome causes
Cataracts Cardiac defects Deafness Glaucome Microcephaly CNS defects
S and S of babies born with CMV are
Hearing/vision loss Mental disability Lung problems Spleen/liver bleeding problems Growth problems
fetal infection of listeriosis acquired through placenta is usually
fatal
newborn infections acquired through exposure in the birth canal results in
meningitis
Encephalitis
treatment of Listeriosis includes
antibiotics (penicillin, ampicillin, or erythromycin)
is basically the inflammation of the liver resulting from infection by different viruses transmitted sexually
Mode of transmission can be non-sexual also
Hepatits
Most common cause of acute hepatitis
Spread by oro-fecal route
Oral or anal sexual contact can predispose someone to it
Best prevention is hand washing
Hepatits A
S and S of hepatitis A
Anorexia Low grade fever N/V upper abdominal pain Jaundice
can hep A vaccine be given during pregnancy
yes
