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Reproductive > Test 4 part 3 > Flashcards

Test 4 part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

CCHD physiological consequences

A

Cyanosis
Hypoperfusion
Respiratory distress and failure to thrive

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2
Q

Underdevelopment of the left side of the heart which can include the left ventricle, aortic valve and ascending aorta.
Most severe left sided obstruction lesion
All of RV is pumped to PA
Descending aorta and coronary arteries supplied by PDA

A

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome

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3
Q

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome treatment

A

Prostaglandins
Norwood operation
Cardiac transplantation

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4
Q

Small or absent pulmonary valve with no ability to shunt through VSD or ASD (septum is intact)
Affects ability to pump blood to lungs

A

Pulmonary artresia with intact septum

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5
Q

A hole in the wall between the two lower ventricles of the heart
A narrowing of the pulmonary valve and main pulmonary artery
The aortic valves which opens to the aortas is enlarged and seems to open from both ventricles
The muscular wall of the lower right chamber of the heart (right ventricle) is thicker than normal

A

Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)

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6
Q

Blood returning from the body bypasses the lungs and is pumped back out to the body
This occurs because the main connections are reversed
Most common cyanotic CCHD
Associated with maternal diabetes

A

TGA (Transposition of the Great Arteries)

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7
Q

A defect with multiple variations in which the veins carrying O2 rich blood do not connect with the left side of the heart
PV return to right side of heart
Snowman sign

A

Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR)

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8
Q

Treatment for TAPVR

A

Emergency surgery in patient with venous obstruction

Require eventual heart-lung transplant

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9
Q

One large artery arises from the heart instead of a separate pulmonary artery and aorta
Always accompanied by VSD
Single loud heart sound
Diastolic murmur at LSB

A

Truncus arteriosus

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10
Q

Male predominance and assoc. w/ Turner’s syndrome (XO) and PHACE syndrome (multiple defects- posterior fossa brain, large hemangioma, arterial lesions, coarctation, eye defects)
Obstruction occurring almost exclusively at the ductus arteriousus
Lower BP in lower body

A

Coarctation of aorta

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11
Q

Treatment for coarctation aorta

A

PGE for short term PDA

Surgery

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12
Q

Closure of PDA leads to

A

cariogenic shock

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13
Q

atresia is

A

no opening

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14
Q

Tricuspid valve is not open which leads to no flow of blood from R atrium to R ventricle

A

Tricuspid atresia

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15
Q

When the valve that controls blood flow from the heart to the lungs doesn’t form at all. This valve controls blood flow from the right ventricle to the main pulmonary artery (the blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the lungs). This can occur with a VSD.

A

Pulmonary atresia

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16
Q

what is used to keep PDA open

A

prostaglandin E

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17
Q

Treatment for pink baby defects, PDA, ASD, VSD (without other defects)

A

NSAIDS and CCB

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18
Q

allow blood to pass from the left to the right side of the heart. The oxygen-rich blood then gets pumped back to the lungs instead of out to the body, causing the heart to work harder

A

ASD and VSD

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19
Q

congenital heart defect diagnostic tests

A

Arterial blood gas analysis
Umbilical arterial catheter
Chest x ray
Echocardiogram

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20
Q

Multiples pregnancies babies are at risk for

A

Mental retardation
Cerebral palsy
Vision/ hearing loss

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21
Q

How often do women need to visit if they are pregnant with multiples at 12-14 weeks

A

twice per month

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22
Q

when do weekly visits start for mothers pregnant with multiples

A

24 weeks

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23
Q

when do biweekly non-stress tests start for a mother pregnant with multiples

A

32 weeks

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24
Q

what week do mothers pregnant with multiples need to increase risk

A

30 weeks

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25
Q

what is the recommended loading dose for caffeine citrate

A

20 mg/kg orally or IV followed by 5 mg/kg daily oral or IV over 30 min

26
Q

what is the recommended loading dose for theophyline

A

5-6 mg/kg followed by 2-6 mg/kg divided by two or 3 doses

27
Q

What is the recommended loading dose for aminophyline

A

5-7 mg/kg IV follwed by 1.5-2 mg every 6-8 hours

28
Q

Acute inflammatory bowel disorder associated with ischemia and hypoxia
Mucous-secreating cells are inactivated
Leads to bowel necrosis and perforation

A

Necrotizing Entercolitis

29
Q

Sequelae of necrotizing entercoclitis

A 
Short bowel syndrome 
Colonic stricture with obstruction 
Fat malabsorption
Failure to thrive
Death
30
Q

Benefits of kangaroo care

A

Weight gain
Discharge home sooner
Improved sleep
Fewer apnea/bradycardia spells

31
Q

includes rupture of vessels in the brain area during events such as hypoxia and associated increased venous pressure

A

Intra-ventricular hemmorrhage

32
Q

grade that involves a smaller amount of bleeding

Most of the time there are no long term problems as a result of bleeding

A

Grade 1 and 2

33
Q

grade 1 is also know as

A

germinal matrix hemmorrhage

34
Q

Involves more severe bleeding
The blood presses on or directly involves blood tissue
Blood clots can form and block the flow of cerebrospinal fluid
This can lead to increased fluid in the brain

A

Grade 3 and 4

35
Q

grade 4 is also know as

A

intraparenchymal hemmorrage

36
Q

how to confirm intra ventricular hemorrhage

A

head ultrasound

37
Q

Treatment for intra ventricular hemorrhage

A 
Vitamine E
Pancuronium 
Phenobarbital
Idomethacin
Surfactant
Analgesics
38
Q

Sequelae of IVH

A

Hydrocephalus
Sever neurodevelopment deficits
Death

39
Q

A condition of treatment related to pressure and volume barotrauma from ventilator
Develops in preterm infants treated with O2 and PPV
HArd time emptying lungs

A

Broncho-pulmonary dysplasia

40
Q

Sequelae of BPD

A

Increased susceptibility of infection up to age 2
Poor growth
Altered neurological development
Death

41
Q

Changes that involve breast tissue (non-disease)
Dilation of ducts with variation of presentation
Mass develops as result of inflammation in ducts
Frequently occurs or increases one to two weeks before menstrual periods
Is the MOST frequent benign disorder of the breast

A

Fibrocystic Breast change

42
Q

ducts become surrounded by firm, hard, plaque-like tissue

A

Adenosis

43
Q

Diagnosis of fibrocystic breast changes

A

Mammography
Ultrasound
Fine needle biopsy

44
Q

Treatment of fibrocystic breast changes

A

OCP

Some evidence of vitamin E

45
Q

Consists of dense epithelial and fibroblastic tissue
Related to estrogen effect on susceptible tissue
It is benign
Most common in adolescent and young women and AA

A

Fibroadenoma

46
Q

Treatment for fibroadenoma

A

removal or observation

47
Q

Small benign tumor that grows within a milk duct of the breast near nipple
Painful and non-palpable mass
Most common cause of spontaneous nipple discharge

A

Intraductal papilloma

48
Q

Mutations in genes_____ and ____ increase the risk of developing breast cancer

A

BRCA1

BRCA2

49
Q

most common of all malignancies of breast cancer

A

infiltrating ductal carcinoma

50
Q

The cells in the breast resemble those of the medulla (grey matter) thus the name

A

Medullary carcinoma

51
Q

Most often seen in upper outer quadrant

Most often estrogen and progesterone and respond well to hormonal therapies

A

infiltrating lobular carcinoma

52
Q

Aggressive form of cancer that infiltrates the lymph system rapidly
No lump almost always
Poor prognosis
Mutation of cells that proliferate and block lymph drainage
Symptoms mimic mastitis

A

inflammatory breast cancer

53
Q

Cancer cells in ducts collect in and around the nipple
Underlying DCIS or invasive ductal carcinome
Symptoms include redness, scaly and itchy skin, pain in nipple/areola

A

Pagets disease

54
Q

Treatment for pagets diseas

A

Breast conserving or mastectomy

Tamoxifen therapy after surgery

55
Q

Breast conserving surgery
Removal of a cancerous lesion and some surrounding tissue with negative margins
Usually followed by radiation therapy

A

lumpectomy

56
Q

Removal of entire breast, but not lymph nodes or other tissue. This type of mastectomy is used for the treatment of non-invasive cancers

A

Total(or simple) mastectomy

57
Q

Breast removed, plus the lining of the chest muscles and some of the lymph nodes in the armpit (called axillary dissection). In many cases, axillary dissection can be replaced by sentinel node biopsy. This type of mastectomy is used to treat invasive cancer.

A

Modified radical mastectomy

58
Q

Surgical procedure used for treatment of AUB and symptomatic leiomyomas
Is a second-line treatment used after trying oral medications
Procedure is done with a hysterscope and electrical loop or laser which destroys the uterine lining

A

Endometrial ablation

59
Q

Involves a rigid endoscope that has a fiber-optic light.
Can also be used as a channel for use of probe, forceps, or laser instruments
Uterus is distended using a medium - most commonly CO2.
Used for evaluation and treatment of AUB, endometrial adhesions, leiomyoma, biopsy of endometrium and endocervix.

A

Hysteroscopy

60
Q

Contraindications of hysteroscopy

A

Pelvic inflammatory diease
Current STI
Uterine perforation

Reproductive (19 decks)

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