Exam 1 part 4 Flashcards
the failure to conceive after twelve months of unprotected intercourse
infertility
no previous pregnancy
primary infertility
one or both partners have been previously pregnant
secondary infertility
the inability to carry to viability
impaired fecundity
stimulates Leydig cell production of testosterone
Stimulates the testes to secrete the male sex hormone testosterone
LH
High LH
testicles are not functioning properly or have been removed
Low LH
anorexia nervosa pituitary gland failure damaged hypothalmus stress extremes of weight
stimulates the production of sperm
FSH
high FSH
imbalance with testes function
low FSH
imbalance of the pituitary or hypothalamus function
what is the normal ejaculation volume range
1.5-5 ml
ph level of sperm
7.05-7.8
normal concentration of sperm
20 million/ml
oligospermia
less than 2 million sperm/mL
an enlarged varicose vein in the spermatic cord that connects to the testicle
varicocele
cut away abnormal cervical tissue that cab be seen during colposcopy
Loop
remove abnormal tissue high in the cervical canal that cannot be seen during colposcopy
LEEP
treatment for endocrine disorders
hormonal therapy
treatment for abnormal sperm count
life style changes
treatment for sperm antibodies
corticosteroids
treatment for sperm transport
repair of varicocele or inguinal hernia
treatment for intercourse disorder
surgery such as transurethral resection of ejaculatory ducts
inconsistent ovulation
anovulation
testosterone level that is optimal for ovulation
dark patches of skin on body folds
acanthosis nigricans
Results in narrowing of the uterine cavity which causes interference with embryonic and fetal development and can lead to spontaneous abortion
Uterine fibroids
causes of altered fallopian tube
blocked tubes
pelvic inflammatory disease
pelvic adhesive disease
endometriosis
is a benign smooth muscle neoplasm that very rarely becomes cancer
most problematic if the fibroid is large >5 cm
leiomyomas
benign growths of the endometrium, can effect implantation of the egg
endometrial polyps
Gross scarring of the endometrial lining, usually due to repetitive D&C or infection of the endometrium
intrauterine adhesion
Ashermans syndrome
pH of cervical mucous
> 4.6
interference with ability of sperm to survive or enter the uterus
antisperm antibodies
how much does the basal body temperature rise during ovulation and for how long
0.4 F and 3 days
done day 3 of menstrual cycle = FSH and estradiol test
>101 u/l refer to reproductive specialist
ovarian reseve testing
done 36 hours B4 ovulation by urine or serum
LH surge
done at the end of menstrual cycle clinical or office
endometrial biopsy
dye inserted through cervix to detect tubal problems and uterine abnormalities
Hysterosalpingogram
used to see the shape and size of the uterus of ovaries
Ultrasound
both procedure use a small video camera to view the pelvic organs
Last resort
hysteroscopy
Laparoscopy
Treatment for anovulation
life style changes
treatment for tubal disorders
surgery to open fallopian tubes
uterine fibroids
myomectomy
treatment for cervical factors
antibiotics
sperm removed from semen is deposited directly into the cervix or uterus
Artificial insemination
Reasons to use artificial insemination
Poor cervical mucous
antisperm antibodies
decrease sperm and motility
Sperm harvested from testicle and injected into harvested egg of female partner
Testicular sperm aspiration
Reasons to use Testicular sperm aspiration
unsuccessful vasectomy reversal
absent vas deferens
extremely low sperm count
egg harvested and fertilized in petri dish in lab
in vitro fertilization
zygote placed in fallopian tube 1 day after oocyte retrieved
Zygote intrafallopian transfer
ZIFT
sperm and egg mixed in lab and placed in fallopian tube
Gamete intrafallopian transfer
GIFT
reasons to use GIFT
History of annovulation
unexpected infertility
low sperm count
are the organs that produce gametes
gonads
finger like projections of infundibulum
fimbriare
fertilization
ampulla
final step of maturation
capacitation
FSH and LH is secreted by
adenohypophysis
is a structure that contains a great number a digestive enzyme it is located in the anterior end of the sperm cell and it is formed by the union of Golgi apparatus vesicles
Acrosome
what is the function of the acrosome
to release it enzyme to break the external covering of the female gamete
how is the flagellum formed
by the centrioles that migrate to the region posterior to the nucleus
why is the cytoplasm of sperm cells very reduced
decreases weight and more hydrodynamic
why do mitochondria of sperm cells concentrate in t eh base of the flagellum
for it to beat and move the cell
follicular phase
menses day 1
ovulation
14 days plus or minus 2 days in length
LH surge
Mittleschmerz
luteal phase
ends with onset menses
increased progesterone
building of endometrium influence of estrogen
proliferative phase
succulent Garden of Eden
influence of progesterone = the maintainer
secretory phase
