Exam 1 part 4 Flashcards by Jackie O'Donnell

the failure to conceive after twelve months of unprotected intercourse

infertility

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no previous pregnancy

primary infertility

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one or both partners have been previously pregnant

secondary infertility

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the inability to carry to viability

impaired fecundity

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stimulates Leydig cell production of testosterone

Stimulates the testes to secrete the male sex hormone testosterone

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High LH

testicles are not functioning properly or have been removed

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Low LH

anorexia nervosa
pituitary gland failure 
damaged hypothalmus 
stress
extremes of weight

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stimulates the production of sperm

FSH

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high FSH

imbalance with testes function

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low FSH

imbalance of the pituitary or hypothalamus function

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what is the normal ejaculation volume range

1.5-5 ml

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ph level of sperm

7.05-7.8

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normal concentration of sperm

20 million/ml

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oligospermia

less than 2 million sperm/mL

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an enlarged varicose vein in the spermatic cord that connects to the testicle

varicocele

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cut away abnormal cervical tissue that cab be seen during colposcopy

Loop

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remove abnormal tissue high in the cervical canal that cannot be seen during colposcopy

LEEP

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treatment for endocrine disorders

hormonal therapy

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treatment for abnormal sperm count

life style changes

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treatment for sperm antibodies

corticosteroids

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treatment for sperm transport

repair of varicocele or inguinal hernia

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treatment for intercourse disorder

surgery such as transurethral resection of ejaculatory ducts

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inconsistent ovulation

anovulation

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testosterone level that is optimal for ovulation

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dark patches of skin on body folds

acanthosis nigricans

Results in narrowing of the uterine cavity which causes interference with embryonic and fetal development and can lead to spontaneous abortion

Uterine fibroids

causes of altered fallopian tube

blocked tubes pelvic inflammatory disease pelvic adhesive disease endometriosis

is a benign smooth muscle neoplasm that very rarely becomes cancer most problematic if the fibroid is large >5 cm

leiomyomas

benign growths of the endometrium, can effect implantation of the egg

endometrial polyps

Gross scarring of the endometrial lining, usually due to repetitive D&C or infection of the endometrium

intrauterine adhesion | Ashermans syndrome

pH of cervical mucous

>4.6

interference with ability of sperm to survive or enter the uterus

antisperm antibodies

how much does the basal body temperature rise during ovulation and for how long

0.4 F and 3 days

done day 3 of menstrual cycle = FSH and estradiol test | >101 u/l refer to reproductive specialist

ovarian reseve testing

done 36 hours B4 ovulation by urine or serum

LH surge

done at the end of menstrual cycle clinical or office

endometrial biopsy

dye inserted through cervix to detect tubal problems and uterine abnormalities

Hysterosalpingogram

used to see the shape and size of the uterus of ovaries

Ultrasound

both procedure use a small video camera to view the pelvic organs Last resort

hysteroscopy | Laparoscopy

Treatment for anovulation

life style changes

treatment for tubal disorders

surgery to open fallopian tubes

uterine fibroids

myomectomy

treatment for cervical factors

antibiotics

sperm removed from semen is deposited directly into the cervix or uterus

Artificial insemination

Reasons to use artificial insemination

Poor cervical mucous antisperm antibodies decrease sperm and motility

Sperm harvested from testicle and injected into harvested egg of female partner

Testicular sperm aspiration

Reasons to use Testicular sperm aspiration

unsuccessful vasectomy reversal absent vas deferens extremely low sperm count

egg harvested and fertilized in petri dish in lab

in vitro fertilization

zygote placed in fallopian tube 1 day after oocyte retrieved

Zygote intrafallopian transfer | ZIFT

sperm and egg mixed in lab and placed in fallopian tube

Gamete intrafallopian transfer | GIFT

reasons to use GIFT

History of annovulation unexpected infertility low sperm count

are the organs that produce gametes

gonads

finger like projections of infundibulum

fimbriare

fertilization

ampulla

final step of maturation

capacitation

FSH and LH is secreted by

adenohypophysis

is a structure that contains a great number a digestive enzyme it is located in the anterior end of the sperm cell and it is formed by the union of Golgi apparatus vesicles

Acrosome

what is the function of the acrosome

to release it enzyme to break the external covering of the female gamete

how is the flagellum formed

by the centrioles that migrate to the region posterior to the nucleus

why is the cytoplasm of sperm cells very reduced

decreases weight and more hydrodynamic

why do mitochondria of sperm cells concentrate in t eh base of the flagellum

for it to beat and move the cell

follicular phase

menses day 1

ovulation

14 days plus or minus 2 days in length LH surge Mittleschmerz

luteal phase

ends with onset menses | increased progesterone

building of endometrium influence of estrogen

proliferative phase

succulent Garden of Eden | influence of progesterone = the maintainer

secretory phase