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10th Flashcards - biology > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

(132 cards)

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1
Q

system of the body that coordinates the activities of the body

A

nervous system

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2
Q

______ includes the brain and spinal cord

A

central nervous system

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3
Q

the principal organ of the nervous system

A

brain

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4
Q

thick bundle of nerve fibers located within the spinal cavity

A

spinal cord

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5
Q

triple layer of protective tissues that covers the brain and spinal cord

A

meninges

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6
Q

________ is a liquid that cushions the brain when you bump your head

A

cerebrospinal fluid

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7
Q

______ are cells that support and insulate nerve tissue

A

glial cells

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8
Q

actual nerve cells

A

neurons

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9
Q

found within the brain and spinal
cord consists largely of the cell bodies of neurons

A

gray matter

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10
Q

composed of axons and glial cells that are white; found in the brain and spinal cord

A

white matter

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11
Q

mass of cell bodies

A

ganglia

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12
Q

group of cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord

A

nerve center

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13
Q

neurons that transmit information to the central nervous system from the senses of sight, hearing, taste, touch, and smell, as well as those that transmit pain signals

A

sensory neurons

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14
Q

neurons that relay signals from the central nervous system to the other parts of the body

A

motor neurons

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15
Q

walls that protect the central nervous system from being permanently damaged every time you get sick

A

blood-brain barrier

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16
Q

disease that occurs when microorganisms enter the nerve tissue and infect the meninges

A

meningitis

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17
Q

disease that attacks the spinal cord and destroys the motor neurons

A

polio

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18
Q

system of the body that consists of nerves

A

peripheral nervous system

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19
Q

bundles of nerve fibers branching from the brain and spinal cord and connecting the central nervous system to the extremities of the body

A

nerves

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20
Q

nerves containing both sensory and motor fibers

A

mixed nerves

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21
Q

part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the heart and other internal organs

A

autonomic nervous system

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22
Q

division of the autonomic nervous system that responds to your body’s needs during increased activity and emergency situations

A

sympathetic division

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23
Q

division of the autonomic nervous system that counteracts the actions of emergency situations

A

parasympathetic division

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24
Q

true or false: nerve cells rarely reproduce

A

true

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25
special glial cells that produce layers of myelin sheathing that acts much like insulation
Schwann cells
26
disease of the brain and spinal cord that occurs when the immune system attacks the glial cells
MS (multiple sclerosis)
27
inability of the muscles to move
paralysis
28
wave of electrical activity that sweeps through an axon and transmits information
action potential
29
an enclosed junction between two neurons or a neuron and another cell
synapse
30
serious disease of the nervous system characterized by tremors and stiffness of the limbs
Parkinson's disease
31
simplest act of the nervous system that is a quick, automatic response
reflex
32
upper part of the brain that helps coordinate thought, memory, and learned behaviors
cerebrum
33
lower part of the brain that helps control balance and coordinate voluntary muscle activity
cerebellum
34
part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord and controls the involuntary muscles and activities of the autonomic nervous system
brain stem
35
largest part of the brain
cerebrum
36
two halves of the cerebrum
hemispheres
37
mass of nerve fibers that the hemispheres of the brain communicate through
corpus callosum
38
outer layer of the cerebrum that contains most of the brain's gray matter
cerebral cortex
39
regions of the cerebrum
lobes
40
portion of the frontal lobe that controls voluntary movement of the skeletal muscles
motor area
41
lobes of the brain that allow feeling sensations and texture and shape
parietal lobes
42
lobes that interpret the sense of vision
occipital lobes
43
lobes associated with hearing, taste, and smell
temporal lobes
44
damage to the cerebral motor area before or shortly after birth
cerebral palsy
45
second-largest brain region
cerebellum
46
most complex muscle coordination is handled by the _____
cerebellum
47
lowest part of the brain stem
medulla oblongata
48
links the cerebrum with the cerebellum
pons
49
"master switch" of the cerebrum
reticular formation
50
switchboard of the brain that is part of the limbic system
thalamus
51
control unit for your body's automatic systems that is a part of the limbic system
hypothalamus
52
responsible for the physical effects of emotions
hypothalamus
53
a person's actions can be completely explained as responses to particular stimuli
behaviorism
54
partial or complete hearing loss resulting from prolonged exposure to loud sounds
sensorineural deafness
55
a scientific measure of loudness
decibels
56
period of sleep where dreams occur
REM (rapid eye movement) sleep
57
one of the most commonly abused drugs in the world today
alcohol
58
degeneration and inflammation of nerves
neuritis
59
spinal nerves protruding from the spinal cord are injured
whiplash
60
condition characterized by pain in the lower back and the back of the thigh, caused by the pinching of the sciatic nerve of the lower spinal cord
sciatica
61
most common serious injury of the nervous system that is a leading cause of death throughout the world
stroke
62
minor brain injury
concussion
63
prolonged unconscious state that may not be reversible; can result from damage to the nervous system
coma
64
disease that affects the nervous system and causes severe spasms of the jaw muscles that makes it hard to open the mouth
tetanus
65
one of the most common mental disorders in the elderly that is a disturbance of the brain caused by physical illness elsewhere in the body
acute confusion
66
disease similar to dementia but more severe and can occur earlier in life
Alzheimer's disease
67
occurs when neurons misfire, causing seizures
epilepsy
68
living sensors that relay information to the spinal cord or brain
sensory receptors
69
senses of the skin
somatic senses
70
senses of sight, hearing, smell, taste, and balance
special senses
71
bare dendrite that reacts to a certain type of a strong stimulus
pain receptors
72
sensory receptors responsible for sensations of touch and pressure
mechanoreceptors
73
heat and cold receptors
thermoreceptors
74
senses of taste and smell
chemical senses
75
organs of taste
taste buds
76
connects the sensory receptors of the nose to the brain
olfactory nerve
77
taut mem­brane stretched across the inner end of the ear canal like the surface of a drum
eardrum
78
actual organ of hearing
inner ear
79
part of the ear open to the outside of the body
outer ear
80
chamber containing the malleus, incus, and stapes
middle ear
81
hearing that occurs when the jawbones receive vibrations
bone conduction
82
coiled tube resembling a snail's shell that is the main component of hearing
cochlea
83
ringing in the ears
tinnitus
84
_____ provides a surrounding protection of heavy bone for the eye
socket
85
____ produce tears
lacrimal glands
86
muscles that move the eye
extrinsic muscles
87
white, tough outer layer of tissue that provides protection
sclera
88
transparent portion of the eye that light enters through
cornea
89
colored portion of the eye
iris
90
hole in the eye
pupil
91
innermost layer of the eye
retina
92
cells in the eye that are sensitive to light
rods
93
cells in the eye that are sensitive to color
cones
94
area on the retina that is the clearest vision
fovia
95
area where the nerve leaves the eye and there are no rods or cones
blind spot
96
continuous movement that are projected so rapidly it appears like motion
persistence of vision
97
liquid between the cornea and iris
aqueous humor
98
____ focuses the light coming from the pupil
lens
99
ability of muscles to change shape
accomodation
100
jelly-like substance inside the eye
vitreous humor
101
joint that allows for motion on one plane
hinge joint
102
most freely movable joints in the body
ball-and-socket
103
joint that allows only rotating movement
pivot joint
104
joint between the metacarpals and phalanges
ellipsoid joints
105
places where bones meet
joints
106
inflammation of the joints
arthritis
107
muscles not under completely conscious control
involuntary muscles
108
muscle fibers in voluntary muscles
skeletal
109
muscle fibers in the heart
cardiac
110
muscle in the mouth that closes the jaw
masseter
111
muscles that permit you to shrug your shoulders
trapezius
112
muscles that allow you to bend your forearms
biceps brachii
113
muscles that allow you to straighten the arms
triceps brachii
114
muscles used when sitting up from a reclining position
rectus abdominis
115
largest and strongest muscles
gluteus maximus
116
muscles that straighten the leg at the knee
quadriceps femoris
117
muscles that bend the leg at the knee
hamstrings
118
largest muscle of the calf
gastrocnemius
119
tough, translucent sheath that covers muscles
fascia
120
motor neuron and the group of muscle cells it controls
motor unit
121
enlargement of muscles through use
hypertrophy
122
muscle degeneration
atrophy
123
fast-twitch fibers
white fibers
124
slow-twitch fibers
red fibers
125
the part of the brain that controls skeletal muscles
motor area
126
extreme heat or cold or mechanical stress impact the _____
pain receptors
127
nerve that connects the ear to the brain
auditory nerve
128
nerve that connects the eye to the brain
optic nerve
129
we hear our voice different than everyone else because of _______
bone conduction
130
____ is the result of an asymmetrically curved cornea
an astigmatism
131
people who cannot distinguish one or more of the primary colors are said to be ____
colorblind
132
condition where the pressure of the fluid inside the eye becomes much higher than normal, causing permanent damage to the cells of the optic nerve
glaucoma

10th Flashcards - biology (21 decks)

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