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10th Flashcards - biology > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

system of the body that coordinates the activities of the body

A

nervous system

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2
Q

______ includes the brain and spinal cord

A

central nervous system

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3
Q

the principal organ of the nervous system

A

brain

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4
Q

thick bundle of nerve fibers located within the spinal cavity

A

spinal cord

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5
Q

triple layer of protective tissues that covers the brain and spinal cord

A

meninges

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6
Q

________ is a liquid that cushions the brain when you bump your head

A

cerebrospinal fluid

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7
Q

______ are cells that support and insulate nerve tissue

A

glial cells

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8
Q

actual nerve cells

A

neurons

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9
Q

found within the brain and spinal
cord consists largely of the cell bodies of neurons

A

gray matter

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10
Q

composed of axons and glial cells that are white; found in the brain and spinal cord

A

white matter

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11
Q

mass of cell bodies

A

ganglia

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12
Q

group of cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord

A

nerve center

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13
Q

neurons that transmit information to the central nervous system from the senses of sight, hearing, taste, touch, and smell, as well as those that transmit pain signals

A

sensory neurons

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14
Q

neurons that relay signals from the central nervous system to the other parts of the body

A

motor neurons

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15
Q

walls that protect the central nervous system from being permanently damaged every time you get sick

A

blood-brain barrier

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16
Q

disease that occurs when microorganisms enter the nerve tissue and infect the meninges

A

meningitis

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17
Q

disease that attacks the spinal cord and destroys the motor neurons

A

polio

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18
Q

system of the body that consists of nerves

A

peripheral nervous system

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19
Q

bundles of nerve fibers branching from the brain and spinal cord and connecting the central nervous system to the extremities of the body

A

nerves

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20
Q

nerves containing both sensory and motor fibers

A

mixed nerves

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21
Q

part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the heart and other internal organs

A

autonomic nervous system

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22
Q

division of the autonomic nervous system that responds to your body’s needs during increased activity and emergency situations

A

sympathetic division

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23
Q

division of the autonomic nervous system that counteracts the actions of emergency situations

A

parasympathetic division

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24
Q

true or false: nerve cells rarely reproduce

A

true

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25
Q

special glial cells that produce layers of myelin sheathing that acts much like insulation

A

Schwann cells

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26
Q

disease of the brain and spinal cord that occurs when the immune system attacks the glial cells

A

MS (multiple sclerosis)

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27
Q

inability of the muscles to move

A

paralysis

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28
Q

wave of electrical activity that sweeps through an axon and transmits information

A

action potential

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29
Q

an enclosed junction between two neurons or a neuron and another cell

A

synapse

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30
Q

serious disease of the nervous system characterized by tremors and stiffness of the limbs

A

Parkinson’s disease

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31
Q

simplest act of the nervous system that is a quick, automatic response

A

reflex

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32
Q

upper part of the brain that helps coordinate thought, memory, and learned behaviors

A

cerebrum

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33
Q

lower part of the brain that helps control balance and coordinate voluntary muscle activity

A

cerebellum

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34
Q

part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord and controls the involuntary muscles and activities of the autonomic nervous system

A

brain stem

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35
Q

largest part of the brain

A

cerebrum

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36
Q

two halves of the cerebrum

A

hemispheres

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37
Q

mass of nerve fibers that the hemispheres of the brain communicate through

A

corpus callosum

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38
Q

outer layer of the cerebrum that contains most of the brain’s gray matter

A

cerebral cortex

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39
Q

regions of the cerebrum

A

lobes

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40
Q

portion of the frontal lobe that controls voluntary movement of the skeletal muscles

A

motor area

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41
Q

lobes of the brain that allow feeling sensations and texture and shape

A

parietal lobes

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42
Q

lobes that interpret the sense of vision

A

occipital lobes

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43
Q

lobes associated with hearing, taste, and smell

A

temporal lobes

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44
Q

damage to the cerebral motor area before or shortly after birth

A

cerebral palsy

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45
Q

second-largest brain region

A

cerebellum

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46
Q

most complex muscle coordination is handled by the _____

A

cerebellum

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47
Q

lowest part of the brain stem

A

medulla oblongata

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48
Q

links the cerebrum with the cerebellum

A

pons

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49
Q

“master switch” of the cerebrum

A

reticular formation

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50
Q

switchboard of the brain that is part of the limbic system

A

thalamus

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51
Q

control unit for your body’s automatic systems that is a part of the limbic system

A

hypothalamus

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52
Q

responsible for the physical effects of emotions

A

hypothalamus

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53
Q

a person’s actions can be completely explained as responses to particular stimuli

A

behaviorism

54
Q

partial or complete hearing loss resulting from prolonged exposure to loud sounds

A

sensorineural deafness

55
Q

a scientific measure of loudness

A

decibels

56
Q

period of sleep where dreams occur

A

REM (rapid eye movement) sleep

57
Q

one of the most commonly abused drugs in the world today

A

alcohol

58
Q

degeneration and inflammation of nerves

A

neuritis

59
Q

spinal nerves protruding from the spinal cord are injured

A

whiplash

60
Q

condition characterized by pain in the lower back and the back of the thigh, caused by the pinching of the sciatic nerve of the lower spinal cord

A

sciatica

61
Q

most common serious injury of the nervous system that is a leading cause of death throughout the world

A

stroke

62
Q

minor brain injury

A

concussion

63
Q

prolonged unconscious state that may not be reversible; can result from damage to the nervous system

A

coma

64
Q

disease that affects the nervous system and causes severe spasms of the jaw muscles that makes it hard to open the mouth

A

tetanus

65
Q

one of the most common mental disorders in the elderly that is a disturbance of the brain caused by physical illness elsewhere in the body

A

acute confusion

66
Q

disease similar to dementia but more severe and can occur earlier in life

A

Alzheimer’s disease

67
Q

occurs when neurons misfire, causing seizures

A

epilepsy

68
Q

living sensors that relay information to the spinal cord or brain

A

sensory receptors

69
Q

senses of the skin

A

somatic senses

70
Q

senses of sight, hearing, smell, taste, and balance

A

special senses

71
Q

bare dendrite that reacts to a certain type of a strong stimulus

A

pain receptors

72
Q

sensory receptors responsible for sensations of touch and pressure

A

mechanoreceptors

73
Q

heat and cold receptors

A

thermoreceptors

74
Q

senses of taste and smell

A

chemical senses

75
Q

organs of taste

A

taste buds

76
Q

connects the sensory receptors of the nose to the brain

A

olfactory nerve

77
Q

taut mem­brane stretched across the inner end of the ear canal like the surface of a drum

A

eardrum

78
Q

actual organ of hearing

A

inner ear

79
Q

part of the ear open to the outside of the body

A

outer ear

80
Q

chamber containing the malleus, incus, and stapes

A

middle ear

81
Q

hearing that occurs when the jawbones receive vibrations

A

bone conduction

82
Q

coiled tube resembling a snail’s shell that is the main component of hearing

A

cochlea

83
Q

ringing in the ears

A

tinnitus

84
Q

_____ provides a surrounding protection of heavy bone for the eye

A

socket

85
Q

____ produce tears

A

lacrimal glands

86
Q

muscles that move the eye

A

extrinsic muscles

87
Q

white, tough outer layer of tissue that provides protection

A

sclera

88
Q

transparent portion of the eye that light enters through

A

cornea

89
Q

colored portion of the eye

A

iris

90
Q

hole in the eye

A

pupil

91
Q

innermost layer of the eye

A

retina

92
Q

cells in the eye that are sensitive to light

A

rods

93
Q

cells in the eye that are sensitive to color

A

cones

94
Q

area on the retina that is the clearest vision

A

fovia

95
Q

area where the nerve leaves the eye and there are no rods or cones

A

blind spot

96
Q

continuous movement that are projected so rapidly it appears like motion

A

persistence of vision

97
Q

liquid between the cornea and iris

A

aqueous humor

98
Q

____ focuses the light coming from the pupil

A

lens

99
Q

ability of muscles to change shape

A

accomodation

100
Q

jelly-like substance inside the eye

A

vitreous humor

101
Q

joint that allows for motion on one plane

A

hinge joint

102
Q

most freely movable joints in the body

A

ball-and-socket

103
Q

joint that allows only rotating movement

A

pivot joint

104
Q

joint between the metacarpals and phalanges

A

ellipsoid joints

105
Q

places where bones meet

A

joints

106
Q

inflammation of the joints

A

arthritis

107
Q

muscles not under completely conscious control

A

involuntary muscles

108
Q

muscle fibers in voluntary muscles

A

skeletal

109
Q

muscle fibers in the heart

A

cardiac

110
Q

muscle in the mouth that closes the jaw

A

masseter

111
Q

muscles that permit you to shrug your shoulders

A

trapezius

112
Q

muscles that allow you to bend your forearms

A

biceps brachii

113
Q

muscles that allow you to straighten the arms

A

triceps brachii

114
Q

muscles used when sitting up from a reclining position

A

rectus abdominis

115
Q

largest and strongest muscles

A

gluteus maximus

116
Q

muscles that straighten the leg at the knee

A

quadriceps femoris

117
Q

muscles that bend the leg at the knee

A

hamstrings

118
Q

largest muscle of the calf

A

gastrocnemius

119
Q

tough, translucent sheath that covers muscles

A

fascia

120
Q

motor neuron and the group of muscle cells it controls

A

motor unit

121
Q

enlargement of muscles through use

A

hypertrophy

122
Q

muscle degeneration

A

atrophy

123
Q

fast-twitch fibers

A

white fibers

124
Q

slow-twitch fibers

A

red fibers

125
Q

the part of the brain that controls skeletal muscles

A

motor area

126
Q

extreme heat or cold or mechanical stress impact the _____

A

pain receptors

127
Q

nerve that connects the ear to the brain

A

auditory nerve

128
Q

nerve that connects the eye to the brain

A

optic nerve

129
Q

we hear our voice different than everyone else because of _______

A

bone conduction

130
Q

____ is the result of an asymmetrically curved cornea

A

an astigmatism

131
Q

people who cannot distinguish one or more of the primary colors are said to be ____

A

colorblind

132
Q

condition where the pressure of the fluid inside the eye becomes much higher than normal, causing permanent damage to the cells of the optic nerve

A

glaucoma

10th Flashcards - biology (15 decks)

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