Test 1 (Ch. 1-2) Flashcards
study of living things
biology
living things
organisms
regions where particular organisms normally live
habitats
the study of plants
botany
the study of animals
zoology
the study of the physical structure of the human body
human anatomy
the study of the function of the human body
human physiology
About __1__ of the food we eat comes directly from plants. The other __2__ comes from animals that eat plants
- two-thirds
- third
reproductive part of the plant
flower
part of the plant that makes the food
leaf
two types of plants:
woody and herbaceous
any plant with a long, thin stem that either grows along the ground or has tendrils that twine around a support
vine
main root grows straight down and remains larger than the secondary roots that branch off from it
taproot system
primary root remains small and many slender secondary roots grow from it in all directions
fibrous root system
flowering seed plants
angiosperm
plants whose flowers produce seeds covered by fruit
angiosperms
about ______ of plants are angiosperms
half
flowers of the composite family
heads
composite family example
daisy
plant family with square stems and are aromatic
mint family
mint family example
basil
plant family used in foods and seasonings
parsley family
parsley family example
carrot
plant family with an open, five-petal design
rose family
rose family example
strawberry
plant family used to prevent soil erosion
pea family (legumes)
pea family example
peanut
mustard family example
kale
nitrogen compounds (nitrogen and oxygen) that plants can use
nitrates
bacteria, found on the roots of legumes, that converts nitrogen into nitrates
nitrogen-fixing bacteria
provides nitrates to the soil from decomposing plants and animals (ammonia)
nitrifying bacteria
movement of nitrogen from the air into the soil and back into the air
nitrogen cycle
change nitrates into atmospheric nitrogen
denitrifying bacteria
lily family example
tulip
plant family contain the three most common poisonous plants
cashew family
cashew family example
poison ivy
nightshade family example
tomato
stored food for the seed
cotyledon
monocot characteristics
- one cotyledon
- parallel veins
- petals in multiples of 3
- fibrous roots
dicot characteristics
- two cotyledons
- branching veins
- petals in multiples of 4 or 5
considered the most important group of plants on earth
grasses
grass family example
wheat
the three most important cereal crops
wheat, corn, and rice
horizontal stem of a grass plant
stolon
largest plant
tree
trees having broad, flat leaves
broadleaf trees
trees that lose their leaves each fall and are bare all winter
deciduous trees
retain their leaves throughout winter
evergreen trees
long, tassel-like clusters that are the seeds of some trees
catkins
most popular trees of residential areas
maples
fruit of maple trees
samaras
symbol of the American South
magnolias
known for their thin, smooth bark that peels off in layers
birch trees
known for their acorns and are used to make furniture
oak trees
grow along rivers and in other damp areas
willow trees
America’s largest deciduous tree
sycamores
have both male and female trees
holly trees
_____ are known for their bracts (modified leaves that look like white petals)
dogwood trees
group of structures designed to function together as a unit to perform a particular job for an organism
system
The _______ is the part of the plant that is ordinarily underground
root system
The _______ is the part of the plant that is usually found above ground
shoot system
a structure within a system that has a definite form and performs a definite function or functions for the system
organ
three basic leaf shapes:
- broad and flat
- long and narrow
- needle-like or scale-like
flat portion of the leaf
blade
edge of the leaf
margin
main vein of a leaf
midrib
attaches the blade to the stem
petiole
leaf that lacks a petiole
sessile
grass that takes the place of a petiole
sheath
small leaf-like or scale-like structures that help cover the leaf
stipules
developing leaf or stem structures
buds
one blade on every petiole
simple leaves
more than one blade on every petiole
compound leaves
place where the leaf grows from the stem
node
two leaves growing from each node
opposite arrangement
one leaf per node
alternate arrangement
three or more leaves growing from each node
whorled arrangement
cluster of leaves at the base of a plant
rosette arrangement
most of the body of the plant is made up of _____
structural tissue
sap-conducting tissue
vascular tissue
vascular tissue that transports sap and water upward
xylem
vascular tissue that transports sap and water downward
phloem
sweet liquid within the vascular tissue of plants
sap
responsible for the growth and repair of plants
meristematic tissue
provides covering and protection for both the upper and lower leaf surfaces
epidermis
tiny openings in the lower epidermis of leaves that regulate transpiration
stomata
middle portion of the leaf where photosynthesis takes place
mesophyll
______ run through the mesophyll layers and contain vascular tissue
veins
pattern of veins within leaves
venation
veins are parallel to each other
parallel venation
branching pattern of veins with one main vein
pinnate venation
characterized by two or more major veins extending outward from one point
palmate venation
the basic structural unit of all living things
cell
surrounds the cell, separates it from its environment, and regulates what enters and leaves the cell
cell membrane
spherical body often located near the center of the cell that controls the cell’s activities
nucleus
consists of many molecules and organelles that make up the cell and of the fluid medium that surrounds them
cytoplasm
found in plant cells; outside the cell membrane
cell wall
complex carbohydrate that makes up the cell wall
cellulose
a substance that adds stiffening to the walls of the woody cells in trees and shrubs
lignin
tiny chemical “factories” that use light to manufacture food
chloroplasts
the green pigment that gives plants their color and enables them to capture the energy of light
chlorophyll
storage structures in cells
vacuoles
organisms that can make their own food
autotrophs (producers)
organisms that cannot make their own food and must obtain it from other organisms
heterotrophs (consumers)
process whereby a plant’s chloroplasts capture the radiant energy of light and convert it into the chemical energy of food
photosynthesis
know the formula for photosynthesis
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + photons (light energy) -> C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2 (oxygen)
example(s) of light reactions
ATP and NADPH
example(s) of dark reactions
glucose
uses oxygen and glucose to produce energy
cellular respiration
sugar used for transportation in a plant
sucrose
form of sugar that is stored in plants
starch
factors that affect photosynthesis
- Amount of available carbon dioxide
- Temperature
- Amount of available water
- Intensity of light striking the leaf
pigment in a leaf that produces yellowish-orange colors
carotene
layer of cells that cuts the leaves from the stem
abscission layer
special enzyme that weakens the cell walls of the abscission layer
cellulase
the process by which a plant loses water vapor through its leaves and stems
transpiration
three factors that affect transpiration
- humidity
- wind speed
- soil water
pressure of water inside the guard cells
turgor pressure
open and close the stomata
guard cells
occurs if the rate of transpiration is too high
wilting
leaf that has a special design for a special task
special leaf
