test 3: upper respiratory

Question 1

parts of thyroid cartilage

Answer 1

laminae (wings)
body

Question 2

cranial cordu

Answer 2

where thyrohyoid attaches to thyroid

Question 3

caudal cornu

Answer 3

where thyroid attaches to cricoid

Question 4

two synovial joints on cricoid

Answer 4

cricoid-thyroid articulation

cricoid to arytenoid articulation

Question 5

three parts of airway

Answer 5

vestibule

glottic cleft

infraglottic cleft

Question 6

functions of upper airway

Answer 6

•Modification of inspired air• a. temperature adjustment• b. humidification• c. removal of particulate matter

2. Thermoregulation
3. Defense against harmful substances
4. Olfaction
5. Vocalization/purring

Question 7

auditory tube

Answer 7

tube from nasal pharynx to the middle ear

Question 8

surgical approach to guttural pouch

Answer 8

viborg’s triangle

sternocephalicus, mandible and linguofacial vein

Question 9

how is larynx attached to skull

Answer 9

hyoid apparatus

Question 10

parts of the arytenoid

Answer 10

Question 11

which cartilages can become calcified and why

Answer 11

thyroid(body, lamina and caudal cornu), arytenoid (muscular process) and cricoid (dorsal lamina and arch)

(hylan cartilage- gets hard- change in voice)

Question 12

what part of the larynx are elastic cartilage

Answer 12

epiglottis

corniculate and cuneiform cartilage

Question 13

what animals do not have laryngeal ventricles?

Answer 13

rumminants and cats

Question 14

1?

Answer 14

aryepiglottic fold

Question 15

three cavities of the larynx

Answer 15

vestibule

glottic cleft

infraglottic cavity

Question 16

what side is laryngeal paresis on and why in a horse

Answer 16

left side- recurrent gets stuck around aorta

Question 17

three parts of pharynx

Answer 17

Question 18

the ___ is the caudal opening of the nasopharynx

Answer 18

intrapharyngeal ostium

Question 19

The soft palate is continued caudally by the ___

Answer 19

palatopharyngeal arches.

Question 20

soft palate innervated by

Answer 20

by the vagus nerve. There is some innervation from CNV and CNIX

Question 21

guttural pouch

Answer 21

Large ventral diverticulum of the auditory tube. The stylohyoid bone divides it into lateral and medial compartments.

Question 22

laryngeal cartilages

Answer 22

3 single: epiglottic, thyroid, cricoid
3 paired: arytenoids, corniculate, cuneiform

Question 23

____ are elastic vestibular ligament, attached dorsally to the arytenoid cartilage, ventrally to the body of the thyroid cartilage. Present in the horse anddog, absent in ruminants.

Answer 23

vestibular fold

Ventricularis muscle – part of the thyroarytenoideus muscle.

Question 24

___ elastic vocal ligament courses from the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage to the body of the thyroid cartilage.

Answer 24

vocal folds

Vocalis muscle – also part of the thyroarytenoideus muscle.

Question 25

cranial opening of larynx

Answer 25

aditus

Question 26

the channel lying lateral to each aryepiglottic fold, also called the “lateral food channel or “food gutter”.

Answer 26

piriform recess

Question 27

Laryngeal Ventricles:

Answer 27

Deep evagination of the laryngeal mucosa forming a pouch which extends between the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages, its opening is between the vestibular and vocal folds (absent in the cat, ox, goat and sheep).

Question 28

cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle

O,I,A,I

Answer 28

Origin: dorsal lamina of cricoid cartilage

Insertion: muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage

Action: rotates arytenoid cartilage and vocal fold(opens glottis) out of airway.

Innervation: caudal laryngeal n. from the recurrent laryngeal n.

Question 29

cricoarytenoideus lateralis muscle OIAI

Answer 29

Origin: ventrolateral aspect of cricoid cartilage

Insertion: muscular process of arytenoid cartilage

Action: rotates arytenoid cartilage and vocal fold into the airway (close glottis)

Innervation: caudal laryngeal n.

Question 30

thyroarytenoideus muscle OIAI

Answer 30

Origin: thyroid cartilage

Insertion: arytenoid cartilage

Action: relax the vocal fold and constrict the glottic opening.

Innervation: caudal laryngeal n.

Question 31

caudal laryngeal innervates ___

Answer 31

motor: Innervates all intrinsic laryngeal muscles except the cricothyroid muscle
sensory: laryngeal mucosa caudal to vocal folds

Question 32

cranial laryngeal innervates

Answer 32

motor: innervates cricothyroid muscle
sensory: laryngeal mucosa rostral to vocal folds

Question 33

three stages of deglutition

Answer 33

oropharyngeal phase

esophageal phase

gastroesophageal phase

Question 34

oropharyngeal phase of swallowing

Answer 34

(a) oral stage: prehension of food and delivery of bolus to the base of the tongue (Cr. N. V + XII). Presence of this bolus in oral pharynx stimulates receptors (Cr. N. V, IX, X). Initiation of the involuntary portion of swallowing (Cr. N. IX, X).

b) pharyngeal stage: delivery of food bolus from oropharynx to laryngopharynx via plunger-like action of tongue and contraction of the proximal pharyngeal muscles.

Epiglottis is pushed caudally by base of tongue and food. This covers the now-closed glottis.

pharyngoesophageal stage: relaxation of the upper esophageal sphincter (cricopharyngeus muscles) allowing the passage of the food bolus into esophagus.

Question 35

esophageal phase of swallowing

Answer 35

second step:

primaryperistalsisisinitiatedbytheswallowing reflex.

Question 36

gastroesophageal phase of swallowing

Answer 36

3rd phase

Termination of the swallowing reflex. The lower esophageal sphincter (Cr. N.X) relaxes, allowing the bolus of food to pass into the stomach.