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21 fall: Anatomy > Test 2 lecture digestive > Flashcards

Test 2 lecture digestive Flashcards

1
Q

digestive system functions

A

receives, stores, breaks down, absorbs and holds and eliminate wastes

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2
Q

accessory tissues of the digestive tract

A

liver

pancreas

salivary glands

other organs:

spleen, kidneys, adrenal glands

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3
Q

the liver main function is the ___

A

metabolism of proteins, carbs and fats

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4
Q

the pancreas has ___ and ___ functions

A

endocrine and exocrine (enzymes)

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5
Q

The salivary glands produce___

A

mucous enzymes

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6
Q

another name for the stomach

A

ventriculus or gaster

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7
Q

functions of the stomach

A

retention and digestion due to HCL and enzymes

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8
Q

the ___ is the principle organ of digestion and absorption in most specied

A

small intestine

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9
Q

Large intestine is made of the ___

A

cecum, colon, rectum

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10
Q

the main function of the ___ is the absorption of water and electrolytes, storage of feces and fermentation of unabsorbed and undigested ingesta

A

large intestine

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11
Q

carnivorous digestive tract

A

pancreas and protein break down proteins and fat

simple stomach

short simple intestinal tract

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12
Q

omnivorous digestive tract

A

mixture of food types

simple stomach and small intestine

expanded large intestine

(pigs)

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13
Q

herbivorous digestive diet is __

A

lower nutritive valve, therefore needs increased volume to try to get enough nutrients

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14
Q

herbivorous diets are less digestible and made of ___

A

cellulose, complex carbs

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15
Q

complex carbs in a herbivorous diet can only be utilized if first broken down by ___ in a process called ___

A

microorganisms

microbial fermentation

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16
Q

the breakdown of complex carbs by microorganisms is a slow process called ___ in a large chamber(s) which hold ingesta for this process

A

microbial fermentation

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17
Q

herbivores can be ___ or ___ fermentors

A

foregut (cow- rumen)

hindgut (horse)

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18
Q

foregut fermenter generally have:

A

large divided stomach

rumination

intermittent feeders

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19
Q

a cow has a stomach with ___ chambers:

A

four

reticulum

rumen

omasum

abomasum

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20
Q

examples of 4 chambered stomach animals

A

cow, goats and sheep, deer, giraffe, antelope

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21
Q

___ are foregut fermenters that have a 4 chamber stomach

A

ruminantia

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22
Q

___ are forgut fermentors with three chambered stomachs

A

tylopodia

reticulum, rumen, abomasum (no omasum)

cardiac glands in wall of rumen and reticulum

(camel, llame, alpaca)

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23
Q

what is different between a ruminantia and tylopodia?

A

ruminantia (reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum)

tylopodia (reticulum, rumen, abdomasum) no omasum, cardiac glands in wall of rumen and reticulum

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24
Q

the ruminant foregut can be divided into two sections

A

forestomach (proventriculus)

cellulose and carb breakdown

rumen, reticulum, omasum

“true stomach” ventriculus

abomasum

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25
Q

the rumen, reticulum and omasum of a ruminant is called the ___

A

forestomach (proventriculus)

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26
Q

the abomasum of a ruminant is called the ___

A

true stomach (ventriculus)

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27
Q

in the ruminant stomach which section is the biggest?

A

rumen

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28
Q

___ are large chambers that allow for soaking, mixing and fermentation by bacteria and protozoa

A

rumen and reticulum

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29
Q

in ruminants: entrance of the esophagus is located dorsal to the ___ fold

A

ruminoreticular

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30
Q

in the ruminoreticular compartment, dorsally where there is gas production that has lots of ___ on the lining mucosa

A

papilla

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31
Q

in the ruminoreticular compartment, ventrally there is ___ on the lining mucosa

A

less irregular mucosal lining

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32
Q

In the ruminoreticular compartment, absorption of what occurs?

A

volatile fatty acids, important for digestion

33
Q

reticular groove has a reflex to divert ingesta ___

A

beyond the rumioreticular compartment

(skip/ go quickly through rumen and recticulum to get to “true stomach faster”)

34
Q

the reflex to divert ingesta beyond the ruminorecticular compartment is stronger in ___ than ___

A

unweaned animals

adults (stimulated by ADH)

35
Q

the reflex to divert ingesta beyond the ruminoreticular compartment is initiated when receptors in the ___ and ___ are stimulated. This is innervated by the _

A

mouth and pharynx

dorsal vagus nerve

36
Q

___ happens in the ruminoreticular

A

stratification

gas→ solid→ slurry → liquidy/broken up zones

37
Q

omasum in a cow is shaped like a ___

A

big muscular ball

very round

38
Q

in small ruminants the omasum is ___ shaped

A

bean-shaped

39
Q

in the omasum, ingesta is squeezed between ___

A

many mucosal folds

40
Q

absorption of fluids happens in which section of the ruminant stomach?

A

omasum

41
Q

___ of the ruminant stomach is similar to the ___

A

simple stomach

42
Q

the abomasum secrets ___

A

Hcl and enzymes

43
Q

in a neonatal calf __ of the total volume of the ruminant stomach is the abomasum

A

50%

44
Q

motility of the different sections of the ruminant stomach

A

Reticulum motility

Biphasic or triphasic

1-2 contractions/min.

Rumen motility

Uniphasic or biphasic

1-2 contractions/min.

Omasum motility

Slow

Abomasum motility

Sluggish contractions

45
Q

the 4 Rs of rumination

A

rumination

regurgitation

re-mastication

re-insalivation

re-deglutition

46
Q

redeglutition is ___

A

re-swallowing of cud in a ruminant

47
Q

regurgitation is caused by ___ intraesophageal pressure. Due to forced inspiration with a ___ glottis

A

decreased

closed

48
Q

reverse ___ in the esophagus helps with regurgitation

A

peristalsis

49
Q

another name for burping

A

eructation

50
Q

___ liter of gas/minute produced in the ruminoreticulum of a dairy cow

A

0.5-1

51
Q

primary stimulus for ___ is gas in the dorsal sac of the rumen

A

eructation (burping)

52
Q

a cow will burp every ___

A

2 cycles of ruminoreticular contractions

53
Q

what is special about the stomach of a kangaroo?

A

sacculations and longitudinal bands

similar to ascending part of the large intestine of the horse

stomach has 3 parts:

sacciform forestomach, tubiform forestomach, hindstomach

54
Q

hindgut fermenters

A

horse

grazers

simple stomach

enlarged jejunum, cecum, and large intestine

55
Q

___ segment of the colon of a horse is greatly enlarged

A

ascending segment

has sacculations (haustra) and bands (formed by concentration of external longitudinal muscle and elastic fibers → teniae

56
Q

another name for sacculations

A

haustra

57
Q

what part of the horse digestive system has sacculations

A

cecum, ventral colon and descending colon

58
Q

the bands on the ascending colon of a horse are made by ___

A

also called teniae

external longitudinal muscle and elastic fibers

59
Q

what blood vessel supplies the intestine

A

cranial mesenteric

60
Q

the enlarged jejunum, cecum, large intestine in a horse is good for digesting ___ and ___

A

cellulose and carbohydrates

61
Q

what part of the horse digestive system is banded

A

colon

62
Q

perissadoactyls

A

hindgut ferementers

horses, rhinoceros, tapirs

63
Q

lagomorpha

A

rabbits

hind gut fermenters

64
Q

the cecum is found on the ___ side of the horse

A

right

65
Q

route of food through horse:

A

duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

cecum, right ventral colon, ventral diaphragmatic flexure, left ventral colon, pelvic flexure, left dorsal colon, dorsal diaphragmatic flexure, right dorsal colon

transverse colon

descending colon

66
Q

what innervates the digestive system

A

paraysympathetic (rest and digest)

dorsal and ventral vagus nerve

67
Q

___ is complete paralysis of the rumen

A

dorsal vagotomy

68
Q

blood supply of the digestive tract depends on species

A

celiac artery, cranial mesenteric artery, caudal mesenteric artery

69
Q

colic

A

twisting of the digestive tract that leads to abdominal pain

70
Q

pigs have what type of digestive system

A

hindgut

71
Q

kidneys produce what two hormones

A

renin, which plays a vital role in the regulation of systemic blood pressure, and erythropoietin, which influences erythropoiesis.

72
Q
A
73
Q
A
74
Q
A
75
Q
A
76
Q
A
77
Q
A
78
Q

bovine kidney

A

In structure the bovine kidneys are of the multipyramidal type, The separate
medullary pyramids are capped by a continuous cortex, which appears fragmented by fissures
extending inward from its surface. The cortex (Fig. 28.27/4) is clothed in a tough capsule that is easily stripped from the healthy organ, except toward the hilus, where it blends with the wall of the ureter. The cortical and medullary regions are distinguishable in gross sections by the much
lighter color of the former and by the cut vessels that mark their mutual boundary. The glomerular
vascular tufts scattered through the cortex may be visible to the naked eye. The apex (papilla; Fig.
28.27/3) of each medullary pyramid fits into a calyx or cup formed by one of the terminal branches
of the ureter; these branches eventually unite to form two major channels that converge from the
cranial and caudal poles to yield a single ureter (see Fig. 5.23). There is thus no large central
expansion corresponding to a renal pelvis.

79
Q
A

21 fall: Anatomy (22 decks)

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