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21 fall: Anatomy > lecture 3 muscle > Flashcards

lecture 3 muscle Flashcards

1
Q

muscles pull on bones to move the animal through space

A

locomotion

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2
Q

muscles move the jaw as part of oral processing of food

A

mastication

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3
Q

three type of muscle

A

skeletal
smooth
cardiac

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4
Q

describe skeletal muscle

A

attached to bone, moves skeleton

locomotion, respiration, generates heat by shivering

multinucleated
somatic innervation (voluntary)
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5
Q

describe smooth muscle

A

GI tract and other organs, skin and most vessels

  • moved ingesta, gland products and blood
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6
Q

Describe Cardiac Muscle

A

heart and great vessels

pumps arterial blood
striated
branched cells
innervated by ANS (involuntary)
Purkinje fibers corrdinate heartbeat
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7
Q

the force a muscle produces is related to the number of ___ active

A

muscle fibers

more active fibers = more force

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8
Q

muscles can only ___

A

pull

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9
Q

skeletal muscle cells are made up of bundle of ___

A

myofibrils

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10
Q

myofibrils are made of ___ and ___ in units called ____

A

thin (actin)
thick (myosin)

sarcomeres

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11
Q

when muscle contract ___ and ___ get closer together

A

myosin and actin

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12
Q

types of muscle fatigue

A

slow fatigue resistance
fast fatigue resistant
fast fatigue

(fast intermediate

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13
Q

example of slow fatigue resistant

A

migratory bird

slow contraction

  • weak forces
  • high resistance to fatigue
  • maintain activity for long periods
  • high oxidative enzyme, low glycoltic and ATPase
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14
Q

explain fast fatigue resistant

A

antelope running

fast contraction
force maintained over time
animal active for long periods

high oxidative and glycolytic capacity

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15
Q

explain fast fatigue

A

cheetah running

fast contraction
large forces, few contractions then needs rest
- high glycolytic activity and ATPase, low oxidative capacity

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16
Q

describe fast intermediate

A

catch all

  • fast contraction but can maintain (some but not all) for an extended period
  • fatigue resistance- varies between species
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17
Q

three type of contraction of muscle

A

concentric
eccentric
isometric

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18
Q

describe concentric contraction

A

shortens
load < muscle capacity
(bicep curl)

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19
Q

describe eccentric contraction

A

actively lengthens
load > capacity
- resists but lengthens
(lowering patient gently to floor)

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20
Q

describe isometric contraction

A

length remains constant
-angle unchanged
(carrying heavy box)

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21
Q

describe passive stretch

A

antagonist muscle working will pull (lengthen other muscle)

touch your toes

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22
Q

type of muscle fibers arrangments

A

strap
fusiform
pennate
circular

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23
Q

strap muscles

A

parallel fibers

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24
Q

fusiform muscles

A

converge at ends
(football shaped)
biceps

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25
Q

pennate muscles

A

fibers lie at angle to muscle axis
= more strength

unipennate- one tendon
bipennate- 2 tendons
multipennate- multiple internal tendons

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26
Q

___ cross section is perpendicular to muscle axis

A

anatomical

muscle axis (line from one end of muscle to the other- connects the two ends)

27
Q

___ cross section is perpendicular to muscle fibers

A

physiologic

28
Q

increasing the cross section between anatomical and physiologic will ___ force

A

angle between muscle axis and muscle fibers

increase force= bigger angle

29
Q

muscle fibers are surrounded by ___

A

endomysium

30
Q

groups of muscles are called ___ and are surrounded by ____

A

fascicles (fasciculi)

perimysium

31
Q

whole muscle is surrounded by ___

A

epimysium

32
Q

connective tissue of muscles from outside to inside

A

epimysium (around whole muscle)
perimysium (around fascicle)
endomysium (around muscle fiber)

33
Q

narrow cordlike connection between muscles and bones

A

tendon

34
Q

flat sheet like connection of muscles

A

aponeurosis

35
Q

connection of muscle attachments where the connective tissue can not be seen by the naked eye

A

fleshy attachment

36
Q

end of muscle that is more fixed or proximal

A

origin

37
Q

end of muscle that is more mobile or more distal

A

insertion

38
Q

tendons heal slowly because

A

they are poorly vascularized

39
Q

motor unit

A

motor axon to muscle fibers

5-2000 muscle fibers per motor unit

40
Q

sensory innervation of muscles

A

stretch receptors, tendon organs, pain receptors (in muscle and tendons)

41
Q

___ help prevent friction and wear when pressure is applied from one side

A

bursa

outside of joint capsule (its own thing)

muscle and other tissue- bursa are not found bone to bone

42
Q

when pressure is applied to more than one side (bone below and CT above ___ are formed

A

tendon sheaths

  • form around tendons
  • has little hole to allow innervation (mesotendon)
  • example (retinaculum (CT) then tendon wrapped in tendon sheath then bone)
43
Q

hole in tendon sheath to allow innervation and blood supply

A

mesotendon

44
Q

skeleton is a system of ___ and levers. Muscles act on it to produce ____

A

supports

movement

45
Q

___ support is support without muscular effort

A

static support

connective tissue (stay mechanism)

46
Q

first order lever

A

head and spine
seasaw

head resistance down, fulcrum (spine in middle) muscle pulls down to keep head elevated

fulcrum between ends. resistance at one end. input force applied at other end of lever

47
Q

second order levers

A

calcaneus and gastrocnemius

fulcrum (foot)
resistance from weight of animal pulls down
gastrocnemius pulls up

fulcrum at one end
force applied to other end
load is between input force and fulcrum

48
Q

third order lever

A

elbow and bicep

resistance of weight of arm pulls down

  • muscle pulls up (force)
  • fulcrum (elbow)

fulcrum at one end
load is at other end
force applied between load and fulcrum

49
Q

in 1st order levers

longer input levers =

A

more power to move load

output/input <1

(1st order fulcrum in between load and resistance)

50
Q

in 1st order levers

longer output lever=____

A

longer output lever= load moves farther/time

output/input > 1

51
Q

armadillo

lower output/input ration =

A

slower but more powerful motion of paw (digging)

52
Q

kangaroo higher output/input ratio =

A

faster but less powerful motion of foot (hopping)

53
Q

muscle that contracts to cause a motion

A

agonist/ prime mover

54
Q

muscle that resists the motion of the agonist

A

antagonist

  • muscles move opposite
    biceps and triceps (one relaxed one active)
55
Q

if antagonist muscles both contract the joint is ___

A

stabilized in fix position

56
Q

muscle that helps move a joint

A

helper muscle (synergist)

biceps and brachialis

57
Q

muscle fibers can shorten to ___ of their resting length

A

1/3

58
Q

stretch or tear ligaments

A

sprains

59
Q

bruise deep tissue without tearing the skin

A

contusions

60
Q

inflammation/irritation of tendon of tendon sheath

A

tendinitis

61
Q

inflammation of bursa

A

bursistis

62
Q

mild injuries damage ___ % of muscle fibers and have ___ recovers

A

5

quick

63
Q

Moderate injuries damage ___ muscle fibers and take ___ to heal

A

most

months

21 fall: Anatomy (22 decks)

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