Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

21 fall: Anatomy > lecture 2 skeleton > Flashcards

lecture 2 skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

some functions of skeleton

A

provide framework
allows motion through joints
provides muscle leverage
protects organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

axial skeleton

A

skull
vertebra
ribs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

scapular and arms

pelvis and legs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

skeletal tissues are derived from

A

connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

skeletal tissue

A

some are non-mineralized (lack hydroxyapatite)

  • notochord
  • cartilage

Some are mineralized
(have hydroxyapatite)
-calcified cartilage
-bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

mineral that allows for mineralization

A

hydroxyapatite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

describe notochord

A

non mineralized (no hydroxyapatite)

source of developmental signaling

in vertebrates, becomes nucleus pulposus in each intervetebral disc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what does notochord turn into in vertebrate adults

A

nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cartilage

A

non mineralized (lack hydroxyapatite)

composed of

  • gel matrix (chondromucoprotein and water)
  • collagen or elastic fibers
  • chondrocytes (cartilage cells)

no blood supply or innervation

flexible

easy to injure, difficult to reapir

growth tissue in fetus and juvenile

in adults- ears, nose, larynx and joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

cartilage cells

A

chondrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

gel matrix of cartilage is made of

A

chondromucoproteins and water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where is cartilage in adults

A

ears, nose, larynx and joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Calcified Cartilage

A

mineralized (hydroxyapetite in gel matrix)
-tissue hard, brittle and opaque

unorganized microstructure
-minerals added randomly between cartilage cells

stronger than cartilage

transitional tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

where is calcified cartilage found

A

shark vertebrae
horse larynx
deepest articular cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

calcified cartilage is stronger than ___ but harder to heal because ___

A

cartilage

hydroxyapetite blocks diffusion of things needed to heal area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Bone is made of

A

organic and inorganic components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

organic components of bone

A

osteroids

  • type 2 collagen and bone matrix proteins
  • hormone osteocalcin
  • 20-25% bone weight
cells
-some from mesenchyme 
=osteocytes
=osteoblasts
-some from hematopoietic tissue
-osteoclasts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

type of bone cell from mesenchyme

A

osteocytes

osteoblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

types of bones cells from hematopoietic tissue

A

osteoclasts- break down bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

type of cells that break down bone

A

osteoclasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

type of cells that create bone

A

osteoblasts

Osteoblasts are specialized mesenchymal cells that synthesize bone matrix and coordinate the mineralization of the skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

inorganic components of bone

A

hydroxyapatite

  • how bones mineralize
  • 60-70% of bone weight

Water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Bone only grows at ___ and is ___ throughout life

A

at surface

remodeled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Bone has a nerve and blood supply that travels through ___

A

haversian canals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

minerals that are reserved in bone

A

Calcium
Phosphorous
Potassium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

making of blood cells in ___ inside bone core is called ___

A

red marrow

hematopoiesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

during growth, red marrow is ___ by fat and becomes ___

A

replaced

yellow marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What hormone does bone release

A

osteocalcin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what does osteocalcin do

A
  • insulin regulation
  • brain development and function
  • testosterone formation and release
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

round layered formation of bone

A

osteon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

layers of an osteon

A

lamellae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

small cellular processes that connect osteocytes to each other

A

canaliculi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

4 shapes of bones

A

long
short
flat
irregular

34
Q

example of long bone

A

limb bones

humerus, radius, ulna

35
Q

long bones

A

cylindrical
act as levers
form from 3 centers of ossification (one diaphysis, 2 epiphyses)

36
Q

short bones example and define

A

carpal and tarsal

form from single center of ossification

37
Q

Flat bones

example and define

A

expand in two directions

skull, scapula, pelvis

38
Q

grooves

A

sulci

39
Q

bumps

A

tubercles and tuberosities

40
Q

shaft of bone

A

diaphysis

41
Q

contains the growth plate

A

metaphysis

42
Q

end of bone

A

epiphysis

important for stabilized joints during growth

43
Q

growth plate

A

physis
cartilaginous
present while bone is growing

44
Q

spongy bone

A

trabeceular

45
Q

where blood is formed

A

medullary cavity (marrow cavity)

46
Q

outer surface of bone

A

periosteum

47
Q

descrive periosteum

A
  • outer surface of bone
  • living tissue helping build and maintain bones
  • fibrous outer layer- fibers, elastin, vessels and nerves
  • inner osteogenic cell layer
48
Q

thin membrane lining the marrow cavity

A

endosteum

49
Q

little holes in osteons where bone cells called ___ live

A

lacunea

osteocytes

50
Q

network formed by osteocytes

A

mechanoreceptive syncytium

51
Q

Bone gets ___% of total cardiac output

A

5-10%

52
Q

large nutrient artery enters into the bone by ___ which is in the ___ of the bone

A

nutrient foramen

diaphysis (shaft)

53
Q

smaller vessels supply the ___ and ___ of bone

A

metaphysis (growth plate area)

epiphysis (end of bone)

54
Q

Will blood vessels cross the physis?

A

growth plate = physis

no blood is separate during growth, ephiphyseal artery and main nutrient artery will connect after bone is done growing

55
Q

explain endochondral bone growth

A

will use cartilage precursor

first in diaphysis (shaft)
later in epiphyses (ends of bone)

at same time perichondrium will be replaces by periosteum on outer shaft of bone

medulla cavity(marrow cavity) will form

56
Q

some examples of endochondral bone

A
  • axial skeleton ( vertebrae, ribs)
  • limbs
  • ventral braincase
57
Q

perichondrium to periosteum will create __ on the __ of the bone

A

compact bone

outer surface of the shaft of the

58
Q

example of membrane/dermal bone growth

A

flat bones of skull

59
Q

explain membrane bone growth

A

membrane=dermal bone growth

  • no cartilage precursor
  • trabeculae form directly in mesenchyme
  • bone grows outward
  • growth zone at edge of developing bone
  • derived from neural crest cells
60
Q

growth zone of membrane bone is at the ___

A

sutures (edge of developing bone)

61
Q

what is a sesamoid

A

bones that form within tendons

62
Q

how do sesamoids help

A
  • prevent muscle from deforming

- improve muscle leverage

63
Q

BMU

A

basic multicellular units

64
Q

what are BMU

A

basic multicellular units

how bone is remodeled

hormone osteocalcin determines

  • resorption by osteoclasts
  • replacement by active osteoblasts
  • resting- inactive osteoblasts
65
Q

what type of bone cells eats bones

A

osteoclasts

66
Q

entire skeleton is remodeled every ___ years

A

10

67
Q

soft tissue structures that hold skeleton together

A

ligaments
joint capsules
menisci
bursa

68
Q

Describe ligaments

A
  • bundles of connective tissue fibers
  • connect bones at joints
  • permits and limits motion

bone to bone

69
Q

describe joint capsules/synovial joints

A

found in synovial joints

  • synovial fluid
  • synovial membrane
  • fibrous outer layer
  • capsular ligaments
70
Q

Describe Bursae

A

near joints but not part of joints

  • protective cushion
  • distinct from joint capsule
  • between bone and soft tissue
71
Q

three types of joints

A

synovial
fibrous
cartilaginous

72
Q

describe synovial joints

A

most mobile joint

lubricated by synovial fluid

  • flat- only slide (inbetween carpals)
  • barrel/hinge- flex and extend (elbow)
  • pivot joints- shaking head (neck and head)
  • ball and socket- flex and extend, adduct and abduct, pivot and circumduct (shoulder)
  • saddle (in between carpals)
73
Q

movement along a conical surface

A

circumduction

74
Q

Describe fibrous joints

A 
allows limited motion
- bones joined by connective tissue 
- no synovial fluid
3 types 
-suture
-syndesmoses
-gomphosis
75
Q

describe sutures

A

type of fibrous joint

-connect membrane bones to each other

bones of skull

76
Q

describe syndesmoses

A

type of fibrous joint
-connect endochdral bones to each other

horse splint and cannon bones

77
Q

describe gomphosis

A

type of fibrous joint

connect tooth and jaw

78
Q

describe cartilaginous joints

A 
least mobile
- bones are connected by cartilage
two types
-synchondrosis
-symphysis
79
Q

describe synchondrosis

A

type of cartilaginous joint

connected by cartilage

  • growth plates
  • joints between ribs and sternum or skull and hyoid
80
Q

describe symphysis

A

type of cartilaginous joint

bones connected by connective tissue and cartilage

Bone- cartilage - CT- cartilage- Bone

pelvic, intervertebral and mandibular symphyses

81
Q

bone is a ___ tissue with biologic functions ( ___ balance, ___ formation and ___ production)

A

bone is a living tissue with biologic functions ( mineral balance, blood formation and hormone production

21 fall: Anatomy (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions