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21 fall: Anatomy > test 3: skull > Flashcards

test 3: skull Flashcards

1
Q

skull acts as shield for:

A
  • Brain
  • Special sense organs
  • Cranial parts of the respiratory and digestive systems
  • Provides attachments for many head and neck muscles
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2
Q

•Jawless fishes (like lampreys) had/have gills with ___for support

A

cartilage gill bars (precursors of jaw)

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3
Q

the cartilage of the cranium

A

chondrocranium

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4
Q

___ become the jaws in jawed fish

A

first pair of gill bars

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5
Q

in a shark the first pair of gill bars becomes

A

cartilage

turns to bone in bony fish and tetrapods

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6
Q

the second pair of gill bars turn into ___

A

support for the jaw on the side of the cranium

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7
Q

what bones make up the brain case?

A

endochondral bones (start as cartilage first)

occipital, sphenoid and ethmoid

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8
Q

two types on bone in the skull

A

endochondral bones (cartilage first) -brain case: occipital, sphenoid and ethmoid

mesenchyme: dermal skull roof: roof, face and jaw

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9
Q

bones of the ___ form directly from mesenchyme

A

dermal skull roof

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10
Q

joints between dermal bones are called ___

A

sutures

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11
Q

joints between brain case bones are called ___

A

synchondroses

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12
Q

•When joints fuse (either kind) junction is called ___

A

synostosis

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13
Q

__ is a soft spot on the skull

A

fontanella

where frontal and parietal meet

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14
Q

2 and 7?

A

occipital condyle

tympanic bulla

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15
Q

1 and 6

A
  1. orbit/eye socket
    6: Zygomatic arch “Cheek bone”•Made by: •Zygomatic process of temporal bone•Zygomatic bone
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16
Q

3,4,5

A

3. External naris •Nostril•Infraorbital canal•A bony canal that runs from orbit to face that transmits infraorbital artery and nerve•Maxillary foramen (entrance)

4: Infraorbital foramen (exit)

5: External acoustic meatus

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17
Q

occipital condyle articulate with the ___

A

1st cervical vertebrae

atlas bone

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18
Q

what makes up the zygomatic arch?

A
  • Zygomatic process of temporal bone
  • Zygomatic bone
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19
Q

Y and P?

A
  • Mastoid process (Y)•Mastoid muscle attachment•Hyoid attachment
  • Paracondylar process (P)•“Jugular process” or “Paroccipital process”•Digastricus muscle origin•Neck muscle attachment
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20
Q

D,H and Z

A

•Occipital surface (D)•

Tympanic Bulla (H)•

Occipital Condyle (Z)

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21
Q

where does digastricus attach?

A

paracondylar process

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22
Q

what kind of animal has a sagittal crest?

A

carnivore- large temporalis muscle- large bite force

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23
Q

what kind of animal have temporal lines?

A

herbivore- small temporalis- big massester (grinding_

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24
Q

origin of temporalis?

A

sagittal crest or temporal line or temporal fossa

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25
Q

dolichocephalic

A

long nose- has sagittal crest

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26
Q

mesaticephalic

A

middle sized- one sagittal crest

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27
Q

three structures that attach to mastoid process

A
  • Hyoid apparatus via tympanohyoid cartilage
  • Sternocephalicus pars mastoideus
  • Cleidocephalicus pars mastoideus
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28
Q

what attaches at the paracondylar process

A

digastricus (jaw opening)

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29
Q

do horses have sagittal crest or temporal lines?

A

sagittal crest (weak)

and facial crest

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30
Q

do cows have sagittal crest or temporal lines

A

temporal lines and facial tuberosity

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31
Q

what is 2?

A

nasoincisive notch

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32
Q

1

A

cornual diverticulum of the frontal sinus

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33
Q

2

A

cornual process of the frontal bone

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34
Q

where does masseter attach in horses

A

zygomatic arch extended onto the facial crest

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35
Q

the cranial cavity is roofed by

A

frontal and parietal bones

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36
Q

the bottom of the cranial cavity is made of __

A

occipital and sphenoid bones

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37
Q

the sides of the cranial cavity is made of

A

squamous temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones

38
Q

the frontal sinus of a goat

A

has rostal and caudal

caudal will extend up into the horn as the cornual diverticulum of the frontal sinus

39
Q

the ventral boundary of the nasal cavity is ___

A

hard palate

horizontal shelf of the maxilla, palatine bone and incisive bone?

40
Q

the nasal cavity is divided in half by the

A

cartilaginous nasal septum

41
Q

the nasal cavity has two functions

A

respiration (horses)

olfaction/ chemosensation

42
Q

the olfactory nerve exits the brain case through the __

A

cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

43
Q

___ are covered by olfactory epithelium

A

ethmoturbinals (spirals for smell)

44
Q

scrolls of thin bone in the nasal septum

A

turbinate bones

45
Q

the dorsal turbinate is an extension of ___

A

nasal bone

46
Q

the ventral turbinate is an extension of the ___

A

maxillary bone

47
Q

which nasal turbinate is more developed in horses?

A

dorsal

an extension of the nasal bone

48
Q

which nasal turbinate is more developed in dogs?

A

ventral an extension of the maxilla

49
Q

turbinates covered in mucosa are ___

A

conchae

50
Q

purpose of conchae

A
  • Conchae have rich blood and nerve supply, mucous glands, and serous glands
  • High surface area
  • Warm, humidify, filter inspired air
51
Q

meatuses of the nasal cavity

A
  • Ventral meatus•Between ventral concha and hard palate•Most direct passage to pharynx, larynx, trachea
  • Middle meatus•Between ventral concha and dorsal concha
  • Dorsal meatus•Between dorsal concha and nasal bone
  • Common meatus•Between both conchae and nasal septum
52
Q

which nasal meatus is for olfaction

A

dorsal meatus

53
Q

which nasal meatus is for respiration

A

ventral and middle

54
Q

•The ventral meatus continues directly caudally into the ___

A

nasopharynx

55
Q

The nasopharynx lies ___to the soft palate

A

dorsal

56
Q

the junction between the nasopharynx and the ventral meatus

A

choana (internal nostrils)

57
Q

the caudal boundary of the oral cavity

A

•Palatoglossal arch (7)•

** Oropharynx is caudal to palatoglossal arch

58
Q

food in the ___ cavity is under voluntary control

A

oral

59
Q

5 salivary glands

A
  • Parotid•Duct opens in vestibule near caudal edge of 4th upper premolar
  • Mandibular•Duct on sublingual caruncle at base of frenulum
  • Zygomatic•Duct in vestibule by last molar•**Only in carnivores
  • Monostomatic Sublingual•Duct with mandibular gland on caruncle
  • Polystomatic Sublingual•Many tiny ducts in sublingual fold
60
Q

which salivary gland is only found in carnivore?

A

zygomatic

61
Q

what kind of salivary gland do horses not have?

A

monostomatic sublingual gland

62
Q

where is the monostomatic sublinguql gland in ruminants?

A

rostral position

63
Q

food in the oropharynx is under ___ control

A

ANS (autonomic)

swallowing or gagging

64
Q

the rostral boundary of the oropharnx?

A

palatoglossal arch

65
Q

incisive ducts lead through the ___ into the ___

A

palatine fissure

vomeronasal organ

66
Q

vomeronasal organ

A
  • Small paired tubular organs•Accessory olfactory (chemosensory) organ
  • Sits on floor of nasal cavity above hard palate on either side of nasal septum•In beagles 25 mm long, 2 to 2.5 mm in breadth, height•In horses to 20 cm long
  • Communicate with oral cavity via nasopalatine or incisive duct•Ducts pass through palatine fissures on skull on roof of mouth•Open on diamond-shaped incisive papilla

Associated with behavior called Flehmen

67
Q

Flehmen

A

•Allows a male to determine the reproductive status of females

vomernasal organ

68
Q

•In transition from water to land ___ no longer required to support jaws

A

hyomandibula (2nd gill arch)-becomes stapes

69
Q

the hyomandibula becomes the

A

stapes (inner ear bone)

70
Q

reptile jaws have many bones :

A
  • Tooth-bearing dentary
  • Post-dentary bones
71
Q

•Reptile jaw joint between ___ bone of cranium and ___ bone of jaw

A

quadrate

articular

72
Q

in mammals the __ becomes the malleus

A

articular

73
Q

in mammals the __ becomes the incus

A

quadrate

74
Q

auditory ossicles of a mammal

A

stapes, incus, malleus

75
Q

jaw joint in a mammal vs reptile

A

mammal: temporal bone and dentary (mandible)

reptile (quadrate and articular bone of the jaw)

76
Q

•The vomeronasal organ is important in ___ function

A

reproductive

77
Q

•Mammals have ___middle ear ossicles (derived from reptilian-like jaw and ear bones)

A

three

78
Q

Hyomandibula

A

jaw support bone of sharks that has become the stapes in modern animals

79
Q

•Small paired tubular organs•Accessory olfactory (chemosensory) organ

A

vomernasal organ

80
Q

vomernasal organ

A

•Small paired tubular organs•Accessory olfactory (chemosensory) organ•Sits on floor of nasal cavity above hard palate on either side of nasal septum•In beagles 25 mm long, 2 to 2.5 mm in breadth, height•In horses to 20 cm long•Communicate with oral cavity via nasopalatine or incisive duct•Ducts pass through palatine fissures on skull on roof of mouth•Open on diamond-shaped incisive papilla•Associated with behavior called Flehmen (see next slide)

81
Q

___ •Duct opens in vestibule near caudal edge of 4th upper premolar

A

parotid

82
Q

___ •Duct in vestibule by last molar

A

zygomatic

83
Q

where does hyoid apparatus attach

A

mastoid process

84
Q

articulate becomes

A

malleus

85
Q

quadrate becomes __

A

incus

86
Q

jaw joint in reptiles

A

articulate and quadrate

87
Q

piriform process

A

channel lying lateral to each aryepiglottic fold, food gutter

88
Q

___ caudal opening of the nasopharynx

A

intrapharyngeal ostium

89
Q

joint between tooth and jaw

A

gomphosis

90
Q

adductor sizes per food types

A

21 fall: Anatomy (22 decks)

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