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21 fall: Anatomy > Test 2: lecture heart > Flashcards

Test 2: lecture heart Flashcards

1
Q

two modes of transport of blood in the body

A

diffusion

passive, over short distances

bulk flow

active, rapid flow over long distances

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2
Q

components of the CV system

A

heart

vasculature

blood

lymphatics

associated organs: spleen, kidney, bone marrow, liver

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3
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

right side of heart to the lungs to the left side of the heart

blood flows “in series” (A-B-C-D)

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4
Q

systemic circuit of blood flow

A

blood flow everywhere other then lungs

blood flows in “parallel” (go through different capillary beds in the body)

venous side =volume reservoir

arterial side = pressure reservoir

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5
Q

why have blood flow in parallel in the systemic circuit

A

freshest blood to each organ- blood will divide evenly from the right side of heart to different organs.

Not all blood goes to every organ, splits up the task to ensure oxygen gets everywhere

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6
Q

heart slants to the ___ side

A

left

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7
Q

functions of pericardium

A

protect against friction

anchor the heart

act as a barrier against the spread of disease

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8
Q

layers of the pericardium

A

visceral pericardium

pericardiac cavity

parietal pericardium

fibrous tissue layer of the parietal pericardium

all of this is surrounded by the

mediastinal parietal pleura

visceral pleura

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9
Q

the lung pleura

A

visceral pleura

parietal pleura (costal, diaphragmatic, mediastinal)

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10
Q

the two mediastinal parietal pleura of the left and right side make a space in which the heart lives called the ___

A

mediastinum

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11
Q

what is the ligament that holds the pericardium to the sternum?

A

sternopericardial ligament

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12
Q
A
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13
Q
A
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14
Q

a fish has a ___ chambered heart

A

2

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15
Q

amphibians have a ___ chambered heart

A

3

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16
Q

___ have a smaller heart in proportion to body size

A

pigs

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17
Q

blood flow through the heart

A

vana cave→ right atrium through the right AV valve→ right ventricle (pulmonary valve) → pulmonary arteries → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium (Left AV valve) → left ventricle → aortic valve → body

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18
Q

what are some factors that are important for blood flow through the heart

A

unidirectional

decrease turbulance

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19
Q

AV valve are tethered by ___ to ___

A

chordae tendinaea

papillary muscles

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20
Q

chordae tendineae are found in what type of valves and why?

A

prevent valve from flapping open

AV valve (tricuspid right side and bicuspid or mitral on the left side)

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21
Q

the right AV valve is called the ___

A

tricuspid valve

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22
Q

the left AV valve is called the ___

A

mitral or bicuspid valve

23
Q

semilunar valves are found ___

A

between the ventricles and arteries

aortic and pulmonary

24
Q

which valves in the heart do not have chordae tendineae?

A

semilunar (pulmonary and aortic)

pressure is less, do not need to be anchored

25
Q

___ directs blood from the vena cave ventrally towards the AV valves

A

intervenous tubercle

26
Q

trabeculae carneae are found within the ___ and are used to ___

A

ventricle walls

reduce turbulence

27
Q

cardiac skeleton

A

encircles valve openings and separates atria from ventricles

serves as an attachment site for valves and cardiac muscle

28
Q

parts of the cardiac skeleton can ___ especially in cows

A

ossify (trigone)

29
Q

___ provide a shortcut in conduction pathways in the heart

A

trabecula septomarginalis

(moderator bands)

30
Q

electrical activity in cardiac muscle is ___

A

myogenic

31
Q

in a normal heart beat, action potentials are initiated at the ___ node and travel ___

A

SA (sinoatrial node)

AV node down apex to perkinge fibers

32
Q

blood supply can be divided into two

A

nutritional blood: serves to nourish organ

functional blood: involved with the organ’s function

33
Q

what is the nutritional blood supply or the heart vs its function blood supply

A

coronary arteries

vena cava and pulmonary veins

34
Q

what is the nutritional blood supply or the lungs vs its function blood supply

A

bronchial arteries

pulmonary arteries

35
Q

what is the nutritional blood supply or the liver vs its function blood supply

A

hepatic artery

portal vein

36
Q

the groove between the ventricles on the front of the heart is the ___

A

paraconal groove

37
Q

the groove between the ventricles on the back of the heart is the ___

A

subsinuosal groove

38
Q

path of left coronary artery in left dominant heart

A

left coronary artery divides into paraconal interventricular branch and the circumflex branch which travels to back side of the heart and leads down into the subsinuosal interventricular branch

39
Q

what kind of animal has a left dominant heart?

A

ruminants and carnivore

left coronary artery → subsinuosal interventricular branch

40
Q

what kind of animal has a right dominant heart?

A

horses and pigs

right coronary artery → subsinuosal interventricular branch

41
Q

___ is determined by the coronary artery that supplies the subsinuosal interventricular branch

A

coronary dominance

(left or right)

42
Q

___ arteries feed the heart

A

coronary arteries

43
Q

vasculature helps:

A

regulate blood pressure

transport substances throughout the body

aids in homeostasis

44
Q

how does vasculature help with homeostasis?

A

temperature and water balance, will expand or contract to keep things in or allow things to leave

45
Q

arterial vessels will have more ___ then veins

A

smooth muscle

46
Q

___ supplies blood to walls of large vessels

A

vasa vasorum

47
Q

___ is returned to the blood stream via the thoracic and right lymphatic duct

A

lymph

48
Q

Lymph is picked up throughout the body and returns to blood stream at the ___

A

caudal vena cava

49
Q

tumor in lymphatic return would lead to

A

edema (fluid buildup)

50
Q

what is countercurrent exchange

A

vessels going in opposite direction will help each other

temperature conservation, solute balance, local hormone signaling

51
Q

___ tissue is found in erectile tissue

A

cavernous tissue (fills and expands_ with blood supply)

52
Q

explain portal system

A

blood travels from one capillary bed straight to another capillary bed without first returning to the heart/pulmonary circuit

wants to carry nutrients/waste from one bed to another

carries stuff to the liver to be cleaned before returning to the heart

53
Q

Portal system: Blood travels from one ___ straight to another with first returning to the heart/pulmonary circuit

A

capillary bed

54
Q

why have vascular anastomoses?

A

back up systems, in case one gets cut off

21 fall: Anatomy (22 decks)

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