Test 2: lecture heart Flashcards
two modes of transport of blood in the body
diffusion
passive, over short distances
bulk flow
active, rapid flow over long distances
components of the CV system
heart
vasculature
blood
lymphatics
associated organs: spleen, kidney, bone marrow, liver
pulmonary circuit
right side of heart to the lungs to the left side of the heart
blood flows “in series” (A-B-C-D)
systemic circuit of blood flow
blood flow everywhere other then lungs
blood flows in “parallel” (go through different capillary beds in the body)
venous side =volume reservoir
arterial side = pressure reservoir
why have blood flow in parallel in the systemic circuit
freshest blood to each organ- blood will divide evenly from the right side of heart to different organs.
Not all blood goes to every organ, splits up the task to ensure oxygen gets everywhere
heart slants to the ___ side
left
functions of pericardium
protect against friction
anchor the heart
act as a barrier against the spread of disease
layers of the pericardium
visceral pericardium
pericardiac cavity
parietal pericardium
fibrous tissue layer of the parietal pericardium
all of this is surrounded by the
mediastinal parietal pleura
visceral pleura
the lung pleura
visceral pleura
parietal pleura (costal, diaphragmatic, mediastinal)
the two mediastinal parietal pleura of the left and right side make a space in which the heart lives called the ___
mediastinum
what is the ligament that holds the pericardium to the sternum?
sternopericardial ligament
a fish has a ___ chambered heart
2
amphibians have a ___ chambered heart
3
___ have a smaller heart in proportion to body size
pigs
blood flow through the heart
vana cave→ right atrium through the right AV valve→ right ventricle (pulmonary valve) → pulmonary arteries → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium (Left AV valve) → left ventricle → aortic valve → body
what are some factors that are important for blood flow through the heart
unidirectional
decrease turbulance
AV valve are tethered by ___ to ___
chordae tendinaea
papillary muscles
chordae tendineae are found in what type of valves and why?
prevent valve from flapping open
AV valve (tricuspid right side and bicuspid or mitral on the left side)
the right AV valve is called the ___
tricuspid valve
the left AV valve is called the ___
mitral or bicuspid valve
semilunar valves are found ___
between the ventricles and arteries
aortic and pulmonary
which valves in the heart do not have chordae tendineae?
semilunar (pulmonary and aortic)
pressure is less, do not need to be anchored
___ directs blood from the vena cave ventrally towards the AV valves
intervenous tubercle
trabeculae carneae are found within the ___ and are used to ___
ventricle walls
reduce turbulence
cardiac skeleton
encircles valve openings and separates atria from ventricles
serves as an attachment site for valves and cardiac muscle
parts of the cardiac skeleton can ___ especially in cows
ossify (trigone)
___ provide a shortcut in conduction pathways in the heart
trabecula septomarginalis
(moderator bands)
electrical activity in cardiac muscle is ___
myogenic
in a normal heart beat, action potentials are initiated at the ___ node and travel ___
SA (sinoatrial node)
AV node down apex to perkinge fibers
blood supply can be divided into two
nutritional blood: serves to nourish organ
functional blood: involved with the organ’s function
what is the nutritional blood supply or the heart vs its function blood supply
coronary arteries
vena cava and pulmonary veins
what is the nutritional blood supply or the lungs vs its function blood supply
bronchial arteries
pulmonary arteries
what is the nutritional blood supply or the liver vs its function blood supply
hepatic artery
portal vein
the groove between the ventricles on the front of the heart is the ___
paraconal groove
the groove between the ventricles on the back of the heart is the ___
subsinuosal groove
path of left coronary artery in left dominant heart
left coronary artery divides into paraconal interventricular branch and the circumflex branch which travels to back side of the heart and leads down into the subsinuosal interventricular branch
what kind of animal has a left dominant heart?
ruminants and carnivore
left coronary artery → subsinuosal interventricular branch
what kind of animal has a right dominant heart?
horses and pigs
right coronary artery → subsinuosal interventricular branch
___ is determined by the coronary artery that supplies the subsinuosal interventricular branch
coronary dominance
(left or right)
___ arteries feed the heart
coronary arteries
vasculature helps:
regulate blood pressure
transport substances throughout the body
aids in homeostasis
how does vasculature help with homeostasis?
temperature and water balance, will expand or contract to keep things in or allow things to leave
arterial vessels will have more ___ then veins
smooth muscle
___ supplies blood to walls of large vessels
vasa vasorum
___ is returned to the blood stream via the thoracic and right lymphatic duct
lymph
Lymph is picked up throughout the body and returns to blood stream at the ___
caudal vena cava
tumor in lymphatic return would lead to
edema (fluid buildup)
what is countercurrent exchange
vessels going in opposite direction will help each other
temperature conservation, solute balance, local hormone signaling
___ tissue is found in erectile tissue
cavernous tissue (fills and expands_ with blood supply)
explain portal system
blood travels from one capillary bed straight to another capillary bed without first returning to the heart/pulmonary circuit
wants to carry nutrients/waste from one bed to another
carries stuff to the liver to be cleaned before returning to the heart
Portal system: Blood travels from one ___ straight to another with first returning to the heart/pulmonary circuit
capillary bed
why have vascular anastomoses?
back up systems, in case one gets cut off
