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Fall 23: repro > Test 2: 21 male repro > Flashcards

Test 2: 21 male repro Flashcards

1
Q

in males during puberty, the — becomes — sensitive to the negative feedback form gonads

A

hypothalamus
less
* GnRH, FSH and LH↑ which causes the gonads to release more steroid hormones and 2ndary sex characteristics develop

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2
Q

how does hormone production change during puberty

A

hypothalamus becomes less sensitive to the negative feedback from gonads

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3
Q

Sertoli cells stop producing many ‘prepubertal’ genes eg —.

A

AMH

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4
Q

Males normally maintain a population of — that can repopulate the gonad throughout life.

A

diploid spermatogonia (spermatogonial stem cells)

can make sperm for life

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5
Q

how to regulate male fertility

A

seperate male and females
castration
vasectomy
hormones and vaccines- but they do not work well

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6
Q

LH acts on what cells

A

male- leydig- make testosterone

female: theca cells- make androgens

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7
Q

FSH acts on

A

male: sertoli cells- prepubertal sertoli cell proliferation, initiation of spermatogenesis, high in castrated males

female: granulosa cells- make estrogen

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8
Q

what happens to FSH levels after castration

A

will increase due to lack of inhibition on the hypothalamus

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9
Q

testosterone is maintained at high levels in the seminiferous tubules by

A

androgen binding protein

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10
Q

testosterone will have a — effect on FSH and LH

A

negative feedback

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11
Q

DHT is made in the — by —

A
  • testosterone is made by leydig cells, then transfers to the sertoli cell and with 5 ⍺ reductase becomes DHT
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12
Q

DHT works on —

A

external genitalia and prostate

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13
Q

testosterone works in the leydig cells to —

A

stabilize the wolffian ducts
* epididymis
* vas deferns
* seminal vesicles
* internal male tract

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14
Q

estrogen is made in males by

A

in sertoli cells from testosterone
* will create a negative feedback on LSH and FSH and prolactin to inhibit spermatogenesis
* in horse and pig estrogen levels are higher in males than in females

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15
Q

how does inhibin work

A

made by sertoli cells- negative effect on FSH- related to germ cell numbers

  • high FSH= bad (loss of inhibition from sertoli cells meaning few germ cells)
  • fewer germ cells= less inhibin= more FSH
  • ↑ # spermatogenic cells= make ↑ inhibin = ↓FSH = less germ cells made
  • sertoli cells making ↓# germ cells= less inhibin made= ↑FSH= more germ cells made/drive spermatogenesis
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16
Q

high number of spermatogenic cells will do what to levels of FSH and inhibin

A

inhibin made by sertoli cells
more cells= more inhibin
* negative feedback on FSH= ↓FSH
* this will cause a decrease in amount of germ cells made

↑ # spermatogenic cells= make ↑ inhibin = ↓FSH = less germ cells made

sertoli cells making ↓# germ cells= less inhibin made= ↑FSH= more germ cells made/drive spermatogenesis

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17
Q

why does giving testosterone not result in increased sperm production

A

need androgen binding protein (ABP) in sertoli cells to bind to T, DHT and estrogen in the seminiferous tubules and epididymal lumenae

  • systemic T is not physiologic
  • increased levels of T will have opposite effect of ↓FSH and LH and will cause testicles to shrink
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18
Q

Removal of testis removes negative inhibition so FSH and LH — in castrated animals.

A

increase

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19
Q

development of surge center in female

A

estrogen can’t get into brain and surge center develops

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20
Q

surge center in males

A

T can get through BBB and is converted to E2 this will block development of surge center in the brain

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21
Q

short day breeders are — and respond to a — in melatonin

A

sheep and goats

increase

22
Q

long day breeders are — and respond to a — in melatonin

A

horse and cat

decrease

23
Q

what are some nonseasonal breeders

A

pigs, cattle, dogs

24
Q

where are the leydig cells

A

in the intersitial tissue- outside the seminiferous tubules that have the sertoli cells

25
spermatocytogenesis
from diploid spermatogonia through mitosis and meisosis -2nd spermatocyte (halfloid)
26
spermiogensesis
differentiation of round spermatids to sperm
27
explain blood testis barrier
sertoli cells hold together and prevent things other then dividing sperm to get into the adluminal compartment of the seminiferous tubules
28
duration of spermatogenesis
* 34-60 days (species specific) * takes 10-15 days to travel through epiidiymis * type A spematogonia → ejactulated sperm **50-60 days**
29
--- connects the tail of the epididymis with the pelvic urethra
ductus deferens
30
what is the ampullae
at the end of the ductus deferens- swollen/thickened area where sperm can be stored
31
path of sperm in the male
32
orientation of testes in
33
--- can move testes for temp control
tunica dartos, cremaster muscle
34
--- pulls the teste into the scrotum
gubernaculum
35
when do testes descend in bull,ram and buck
mid-gestation
36
when do testes descend in boar
90 days of gestation
37
when do testes descend in stallion
late gestation to early post natal
38
when do testes descend in dogs and cats
post natal up to 6 weeks * retained at 16 weeks
39
4 accessory sex glands
ampullae vesicular glands prostate bulbourethral (cowpers) gland
40
what does seminal plasma do
* adds volume, sugar/energy for sperm * initiates motility * helps protect against female immune system * uterine contractions?
41
what is the ampullae
thickening of the ductus deferens before it inserts at the urethra- sperm storage * big in stallion, small in bull and dog
42
what are the seminal vesicles
* contribute 50% of bull semen and 20% for boar * gel fraction in stallion * not in carnivores
43
what is prostate
present in all species * provides entire seminal fluids in dogs and cats
44
bulbourethral glands produce ---% of --- semen
20% of boar
45
ampulla and seminal vesicles empty into the urethra at the
colliculus seminalis
46
47
how to get erection
* ↑ bloodflow from pudendal artery causes cavernous tissue to swell, colapsing the venous drainage * controlled by parasympathetic NS → spinal reflex mediated by pudendal nerve * nerves release NO which causes ↑ G cyclase → ↑cGMP → erection * after PDE 5 will cause a ↓ in cGMP
48
how does viagra/sildenafil work
blocks PDE5 which results in an increase of cGMP= longer erection
49
what causes ejaculation
alpha adrenergic sympathetic * causes muscular contractions and closes the bladder neck
50
where is sperm deposited
ruminants, primates, cats - vagina horse, pig, rodents, dogs- intrauterine/cervix
51
what happens to sperm in the oviduct
* can be stored * then released in waves * hyperactivate/capacitate after release * only live short time to find egg

Fall 23: repro (21 decks)

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