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Fall 23: repro > Test 2: 21 male repro > Flashcards

Test 2: 21 male repro Flashcards

1
Q

in males during puberty, the — becomes — sensitive to the negative feedback form gonads

A

hypothalamus
less
* GnRH, FSH and LH↑ which causes the gonads to release more steroid hormones and 2ndary sex characteristics develop

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2
Q

how does hormone production change during puberty

A

hypothalamus becomes less sensitive to the negative feedback from gonads

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3
Q

Sertoli cells stop producing many ‘prepubertal’ genes eg —.

A

AMH

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4
Q

Males normally maintain a population of — that can repopulate the gonad throughout life.

A

diploid spermatogonia (spermatogonial stem cells)

can make sperm for life

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5
Q

how to regulate male fertility

A

seperate male and females
castration
vasectomy
hormones and vaccines- but they do not work well

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6
Q

LH acts on what cells

A

male- leydig- make testosterone

female: theca cells- make androgens

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7
Q

FSH acts on

A

male: sertoli cells- prepubertal sertoli cell proliferation, initiation of spermatogenesis, high in castrated males

female: granulosa cells- make estrogen

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8
Q

what happens to FSH levels after castration

A

will increase due to lack of inhibition on the hypothalamus

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9
Q

testosterone is maintained at high levels in the seminiferous tubules by

A

androgen binding protein

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10
Q

testosterone will have a — effect on FSH and LH

A

negative feedback

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11
Q

DHT is made in the — by —

A
  • testosterone is made by leydig cells, then transfers to the sertoli cell and with 5 ⍺ reductase becomes DHT
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12
Q

DHT works on —

A

external genitalia and prostate

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13
Q

testosterone works in the leydig cells to —

A

stabilize the wolffian ducts
* epididymis
* vas deferns
* seminal vesicles
* internal male tract

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14
Q

estrogen is made in males by

A

in sertoli cells from testosterone
* will create a negative feedback on LSH and FSH and prolactin to inhibit spermatogenesis
* in horse and pig estrogen levels are higher in males than in females

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15
Q

how does inhibin work

A

made by sertoli cells- negative effect on FSH- related to germ cell numbers

  • high FSH= bad (loss of inhibition from sertoli cells meaning few germ cells)
  • fewer germ cells= less inhibin= more FSH
  • ↑ # spermatogenic cells= make ↑ inhibin = ↓FSH = less germ cells made
  • sertoli cells making ↓# germ cells= less inhibin made= ↑FSH= more germ cells made/drive spermatogenesis
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16
Q

high number of spermatogenic cells will do what to levels of FSH and inhibin

A

inhibin made by sertoli cells
more cells= more inhibin
* negative feedback on FSH= ↓FSH
* this will cause a decrease in amount of germ cells made

↑ # spermatogenic cells= make ↑ inhibin = ↓FSH = less germ cells made

sertoli cells making ↓# germ cells= less inhibin made= ↑FSH= more germ cells made/drive spermatogenesis

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17
Q

why does giving testosterone not result in increased sperm production

A

need androgen binding protein (ABP) in sertoli cells to bind to T, DHT and estrogen in the seminiferous tubules and epididymal lumenae

  • systemic T is not physiologic
  • increased levels of T will have opposite effect of ↓FSH and LH and will cause testicles to shrink
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18
Q

Removal of testis removes negative inhibition so FSH and LH — in castrated animals.

A

increase

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19
Q

development of surge center in female

A

estrogen can’t get into brain and surge center develops

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20
Q

surge center in males

A

T can get through BBB and is converted to E2 this will block development of surge center in the brain

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21
Q

short day breeders are — and respond to a — in melatonin

A

sheep and goats

increase

22
Q

long day breeders are — and respond to a — in melatonin

A

horse and cat

decrease

23
Q

what are some nonseasonal breeders

A

pigs, cattle, dogs

24
Q

where are the leydig cells

A

in the intersitial tissue- outside the seminiferous tubules that have the sertoli cells

25
Q

spermatocytogenesis

A

from diploid spermatogonia through mitosis and meisosis -2nd spermatocyte (halfloid)

26
Q

spermiogensesis

A

differentiation of round spermatids to sperm

27
Q

explain blood testis barrier

A

sertoli cells hold together and prevent things other then dividing sperm to get into the adluminal compartment of the seminiferous tubules

28
Q

duration of spermatogenesis

A
  • 34-60 days (species specific)
  • takes 10-15 days to travel through epiidiymis
  • type A spematogonia → ejactulated sperm 50-60 days
29
Q

— connects the tail of the epididymis with the pelvic urethra

A

ductus deferens

30
Q

what is the ampullae

A

at the end of the ductus deferens- swollen/thickened area where sperm can be stored

31
Q

path of sperm in the male

A
32
Q

orientation of testes in

A
33
Q

— can move testes for temp control

A

tunica dartos, cremaster muscle

34
Q

— pulls the teste into the scrotum

A

gubernaculum

35
Q

when do testes descend in bull,ram and buck

A

mid-gestation

36
Q

when do testes descend in boar

A

90 days of gestation

37
Q

when do testes descend in stallion

A

late gestation to early post natal

38
Q

when do testes descend in dogs and cats

A

post natal up to 6 weeks
* retained at 16 weeks

39
Q

4 accessory sex glands

A

ampullae
vesicular glands
prostate
bulbourethral (cowpers) gland

40
Q

what does seminal plasma do

A
  • adds volume, sugar/energy for sperm
  • initiates motility
  • helps protect against female immune system
  • uterine contractions?
41
Q

what is the ampullae

A

thickening of the ductus deferens before it inserts at the urethra- sperm storage

  • big in stallion, small in bull and dog
42
Q

what are the seminal vesicles

A
  • contribute 50% of bull semen and 20% for boar
  • gel fraction in stallion
  • not in carnivores
43
Q

what is prostate

A

present in all species
* provides entire seminal fluids in dogs and cats

44
Q

bulbourethral glands produce —% of — semen

A

20% of boar

45
Q

ampulla and seminal vesicles empty into the urethra at the

A

colliculus seminalis

46
Q
A
47
Q

how to get erection

A
  • ↑ bloodflow from pudendal artery causes cavernous tissue to swell, colapsing the venous drainage
  • controlled by parasympathetic NS → spinal reflex mediated by pudendal nerve
  • nerves release NO which causes ↑ G cyclase → ↑cGMP → erection
  • after PDE 5 will cause a ↓ in cGMP
48
Q

how does viagra/sildenafil work

A

blocks PDE5 which results in an increase of cGMP= longer erection

49
Q

what causes ejaculation

A

alpha adrenergic sympathetic
* causes muscular contractions and closes the bladder neck

50
Q

where is sperm deposited

A

ruminants, primates, cats - vagina
horse, pig, rodents, dogs- intrauterine/cervix

51
Q

what happens to sperm in the oviduct

A
  • can be stored
  • then released in waves
  • hyperactivate/capacitate after release
  • only live short time to find egg

Fall 23: repro (21 decks)

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