Test 1: 13 canine female dog Flashcards
puberty in female dog
6-24 months- breed specific
cycle length of female dog
12 months average
proestrus in dogs
9 days
2-25 days
Follicular stage:
early proestrus: estradiol rising
end proestrus: estradiol peaks
progesterone and LH are low
during proestrus — and — are low
progesterone and LH
lasts 9 days- estradiol rising then peaks at end
behavior of female during proestrus
Behavior:
* Male begins to become attracted
* She will not accept mating, tucking tail, sitting, and turning to fend
clinical signs of proestrus in female dog
- Vulva is swollen, edematous, and firm
- Bloody vaginal discharge
- These are the typical first signs of ”heat”
9 days in dog
vaginal wall during proestrus in dogs will look
Vaginal Wall:
* Changes due to E2
* Mucosa light pink, shiny, edematous
* Vaginal epithelium proliferates (wall thickens)
* Diapedesis of erythrocytes
Vaginal Cytology:
* Mixed cells – Intermediate and Superficial
* Progressing to more superficial (cornified) as approach estrus
* Large numbers RBC’s
* Bacteria are normal (normal flora)
* WBC’s – variable, decreasing over time
length of estrus in bitch
9 days
hormone levels during estrus in bitch
- Estradiol decreases
- Progesterone rises prior to forming CL (preovulatory follicles)
- LH surge (progesterone 2ng/mL) → ovulation
- Primary oocyte released 2 days after LH surge
- Oocyte needs additional 2 days to mature (complete meiosis) to allow fertilization
when should bitch be bred
4-6 days after initial LH surge
- oocyte released 2 days post LH surge and takes another 2 days to mature before fertilization can take place
behavior of bitch during estrus
Bitch will wink,
lean, flag and stand to be
bred
clinical signs of bitch in estrus
- Vulva edematous and firm
but begins to soften - Vaginal discharge becomes
more serosanguinous (trend,
not a rule)
cytology of vagina during estrus will show
no WBC
* very thick, drier, wrinked, pale to white vaginal wall
ovulation in bitch occurs when
LH surge
2ng/mL
diestrus in a bitch lasts
55-60 days if preg
45-90 days if not preg
hormones during diestrus
progesterone (peak at 3 weeks)
* prolactin
* ovulation occurs 5-7 days before 1st day of diestrus
whelping in dogs occurs
57 +/- 1 day from onset of diestrus day 1
diestrus ends when in bitches
Progesterone drops below 2 ng/mL
- 50-60 days if pregnant
- 45-90 days if not pregnant
ovulation in bitches occur
5-7 days before 1st day of diestrus
* 2 days after LH surge
anestrus in dogs lasts
lasts 4.5 months
endometrial repair takes 120-150 days
endometrial repair in bitch takes
120-150 days
pregnancy recognition in a bitch
- there is no signal
- It is not needed as the bitch will go through the same long diestrus period regardless of pregnancy status
- No known luteolytic PGF-2α from uterus in non-pregnant bitch
which infectious disease test should always be done on a bitch
brucellosis
when to culture vagina in bitch
only if clinical disease, otherwise not very helpful
when to test for brucellosis in dogs
bitch- prior to every breeding
male- prior to every breeding or every 3-6 months
test for brucellosis in dogs
rapid slide (card) agglutination test (RSAT)
- low incidence of flase negative
how to do ovulation timing in bitch
- step 1: ID vulvar discharge/swelling- Day 1 of proestrus
- Start 3-4 days after proestrus starts or when vaginal cornification (superficial cells) is 60-75% to perform diagnostic bloodwork- progesterone over 2 ng/ml, can test LH but expensive
- ID first day of standing estrus
when will bitch ovulate
- 2 day post LH peak, when progesterone over 2ng/ml- (2N diplotene stage of prophase I)
- oocytes take 2 days to mature
The bitch may ovulate anywhere from — after the onset of standing heat or estrus
2 days before to 6 days
* not percise
Ovulation occurs — prior to the first day of cytologic diestrus
5-7 days
Whelping date is then 57 days +/- 1 day from first day of —
diestrus
Bitches should be bred 4 and 6 days after the — with semen of excellent quality and
appropriate quantity for optimal results
LH peak
* when progesterone > 2= LH peak
* when progesterone > 10 = ovulation
what is the 2:2:2:2 rule in dogs
- When the progesterone is “2” ng/mL (1.7-2.9ng/mL) this is the day of the LH surge
- She will ovulate “2” days later
- She should be bred “2” days after ovulation and again in “2” days
dog embryo enters the uterus at day
8
implantation at day 16
Whelping date = 63 +/- 1 day from —
ovulation
Due to variability of estrus in the bitch and the longevity of sperm in the uterus, whelping date from a single breeding (if ovulation date not known) can range from
58 (bred late) to 71 days (bred early)
Bitch
gestation length
from LH peak
from ovulation
from breeding date
from onset of diestrus
- 65 days from LH peak
- 63 days post ovulation
- 61-63 days post breeding date (55-70)
- 57 +/-1 day from onset of diestrus
type of dog placentation
endotheliochorial 4-5 layers
zonary band
marginal hematomas (green pigment)
pregnancy is maintained by
CL making progesterone > 2ng/ml for the entire pregnancy
* will occur even if not pregnant
what happens to temp in dog prior to birth
will drop with drop in progesterone 12-24 hrs prior
what happens to prolactin levels during pregnancy
Concentration inversely related to progesterone
* keeps CL going
* may start lactating a few days early
relaxin is made by the
placenta
when can you xray to confirm pregnancy in bitch
50 days
how to predict birth in bitch
- Decreased appetite
- Body temperature drop by 1-2 degrees (~98 degrees), usually 12-24 hours prior
- Presence of colostrum – 1-7 days prior (unreliable)
- Nesting behavior 12-24 hours prior
- Restless, panting, anxiousness- NOT accurate for timing of labor
stage 1 parturition in dog
lasts 6-12 hrs
* increased estradiols and prostaglandins, decreased progesterone
* increased oxytocin receptor sites
* small uterine contractions
* restless, panting, vomit
stage 2 in parturition in dog
lasts 6-12 hrs
* abdomonial contractions
* 60% face first
* pup every 30-60 mins
stage 3 parturition in bitch
5 to 15 mins after each pup
* bitch may eat them
uterine involution of a bitch
60 days for size
120-150 days for histological
a puppy needs the mother to stimulate
urination and defecation
what can cause pseudopregnancy in bitch
caused by decline in progesterone- rise in prolactin
* Do not: allow self nursing, massage, stripping milk, drugs
* spaying which in diestrus
how to treat pseudopregnancy
not treating is the best
* mibolerone
* dopamine agonist
* ACE will have opposite effect
Can pseudopregnancy lead to increased risk of pyometra
NO
There is no predisposition to pyometra resulting from overt false pregnancy
when to intervene during whelping
- green discharge before 1st pup- emergency
- 30 mins of strong contractions with no pup
- 2-3 hrs of weak contraction and no pup
- more than 4 hrs between pups
- obvious problems
fetal HR of pup
↑ 180 normal
160-180 stressed
↓ 160 very stressed
