Test 1: Lecture 1 Flashcards
function of oviducts
- Transport ovulated oocytes and spermatozoa to site of fertilization
- Transport embryo to uterus
- Mucosa produces substances to make survivable environment for gametes
parts of the oviduct
- infundibulum (captures oocyte)
- ampulla (site of fertilization)
- isthmus (connected to uterus at uterotubal junction)
Theca interna produces — in response to —
androgens
LH
Granulosa cell layer produces — and inhibin in response to —
estrogen
FSH
After ovulation, a corpus hemorrhagicum is formed which organizes into a —
corpus luteum (CL)
Corpus luteum produce —
progesterone
A CL forms a — after it degenerates
corpus albicans
mullerian duct become
female repro- uterus, vagina, ovary
kidneys in embryo start as
mesonephros
what makes male in embryo
SRY protein on Y chromosome
- activates male genes and represses female genes
Testes form , testes produce —, paramesonephric ducts degenerate and — become male tubular system
AMH and testosterone
mesonephric ducts
epithelium become the —
granulosa cells
the meschencyme become the —
theca cells
the endothelium become germ cells that become
oocytes
what causes freemartin
male and female twins, AMH from male causes shrinking/messed up female repro tract
how does female brain development work
Estradiol/estrogen from fetal ovary can NOT get into the brain → surge center develops → female brain
how does male brain development work
Testosterone from fetal testis crosses the BBB and is converted into estradiol → blocks the formation of the surge center
GnRH is made by
neurons in the hypothalamus that work on the anterior pituitary to make FSH and LH
Follicular cells produce
estrogen
Luteinization is the change from — to —
follicular cells (estrogen) to Luteal cells (progesterone)
oxytocin is made in the — and stimulates
posterior pituitary
milk let down and uterus constriction
when an animal is in — she will produce estrogen
estrus/heat
estrogen will do what
- Increases myometrial contractility
- induces cervical and vulvar relaxation
- increases uterine defense
- slows transport of fertilized oocyte to through the oviduct (estrogen here is produced by the embryo)
progesterone is made by
CL and placenta
- made during pregnancy/diestrus
progesterone will do what
- block estrogen
- Depresses myometrial activity
- Induces growth endometrial glands and secretions
- Induces cervical closure
- Decreases uterus defenses- dont want uterus attacking embryo if pregnant
how does testosterone form
LH from anterior pituitary will ↑ the formation of steroids from cholesterol → progesterone → androstenedione →testosterone
androgens can be — to become estrogen
armozatized
how os estrogen made
- Theca cells take cholesterol and produce androgens with the help of LH
- androgens diffuse to the granulosa cells to aromatize into estrogens, FSH induces this activity enchancing estrogen production
inhibin is made by
granulosa cells
how does inhibin work
negative feed back loop
- made by granulosa cells in the large follicle, will tell hypothalamus to stop making GnRH which in turn will decrease FSH production
how to measure if mare can still be breed (ovarian quiescence)
AMH levels
* made by granulosa cells during follicle growth
* can estimate the pool of follicles available
— is made by granulosa cells during follicle growth
AMH
HCG has the effect of — in a mare and can be used to cause
LH
ovulation
— is produced by equine embryo at 37 days
ECG/PMSG
- equine chorionic gonadotropin/pregnant mare serum gonadotropin
- placental hormone
ECG will do what
luteinization/ovulation of secondary follicles
- will support the pregnancy while placenta is forming- makes more CL = ↑ progesterone = stays pregnant
ECG/PMSG is made by mare embryo at 37 days
in cow CL will release — when close to parturition
relaxin- will relax cervix and pelvis
prostaglandin (PGF2⍺) will do what
made by uterus or ovary depending on species
- will contract uterus
- will ↓ blood flow to CL
- will ↓ LH receptors on CL
- will inhibit P4 synthesis
- which leads to apoptosis of the CL
different for species- not dogs, have CL all pregnancy
Pigs- combo oxytocin and PGF2⍺
what does PGE do?
made by embryo
- will relax the cervix
- contract the oviduct
- releases the embyro
— can be used to treat blocked oviducts, form of abortion med
misoprostol- form of PGE
- made by embryo- relax cervix, contracts oviduct and releases embryo
Prior to puberty, follicles have been leaving the primordial pool grow to —
small antral and die
At puberty pituitary begins to release — and stimulates this follicles to keep growing when leaving the pool to become antral
LH and FSH
During puberty. Follicles start to produce —: expression of secondary sexual characteristics, enlargement and maturation of tubular genital organs and — behavior
estrogen
estrus
what happens during proestrus
- Progesterone decreasing after luteolysis, estrogen increasing
- 2-5 days depending on species
- Antral follicles are growing
- Reproductive tract is preparing for mating
LH will work on — to convert cholesterol into —
theca interna
testosterone in granulosa cells
— secretion from the follicle peaks during the estrous cycle
estradiol
— is high in estrus and — is low
estrogen/estradiol
progesterone
what happens during metestrus
progesterone increases as CL is forming, estradiol is falling
- 2-5 days for adequate amount of progesterone
steps of estrous cycle
proestrus
estrus
metestrus
diestrus
anestrus
diestrus ends with
luteolysis
— is high during diestrus
progesterone ↑↑
high progesterone will — uterine tone except in mares where it will —
decrease
increase
what will progesterone do
- Inhibits reproductive behavior
- Reduces uterine tone (except mare where increases it)
- Decreased resistance of uterus to infection
- Preparation of uterine environment
- Stimulates mammary glands
- CL functional
progesterone very high during diestrus- and ends with luteolysis
what can cause anestrus
normal- lactation, seasons
pathologic- stress, illness, poor nutrition
which one is FSH and LH
what are the blue lines
estrogen and PGF2⍺
what is the red line
progesterone
A antral/terciary follicle will have — estradiol, inhibin, LH and FSH
↑ estradiol, inhibin, LH
↓FSH
primoridial follicles are kept in what stage
prophase of meiosis I
when is LH surge
during formation of antral follicle, builds until ovulation and causes formation of corpus luteum
4 jobs of LH
- expansion of the cumulous- egg is detached from follicle to prepare for ovulation
- formation of the stigma/hole with help of PGE2 and PGF2⍺
- resumes meiosis- metaphase II for fertilization
- Luteization of the follicle into corpus luteum- estrogen →progesterone
— works with LH to weaken the follicular wall to allow for ovulation
prostaglandins (PGE2 and
PGF2alpha in particular)
- Prostaglandins release lysosomal enzymes and weakens follicular wall
follicular phase of estrous cycle has
— as the main hormone
— as the structure
ends with —
estradiol
follicles (antral), no CL
ovulation
the stages of the follicular phase of the estrous cycle are
proestrus and estrus
- when there is no CL and antral follicle making ↑ estrogen
- receptive to males and repro tract changes
luteal phase of the estrous cycle is when
— is the primary structure
— is the primary hormone
stages are —
and ends with —
CL
progesterone
metestrus and diestrus
Luteolysis
which animals have which stages of the estrous cycle
how does seasonal breeders work
↑ RFRP-3 in horses →—kiss-10 → —GnRH → — FSH and LH
↑
= cyclicity
↑ RFRP-3 in sheep →—kiss-10 → —GnRH → — FSH and LH
low= no cycles
short day breeders (in winter)
opposite of horses
— are induced ovulators
cats and alpacas/llamas
* Require copulatory stimulation to ovulate – nerves to surge center to cause GnRH surge
then LH surge
how does ruminant know its pregnant
blastocyst produces interferon tau
* inhibits oxytocin and prevents luteinization
how does pig know it is pregnant
2 or more blastocysts makes estradiol
how does mare know it is pregnant
???
travel through uterus
