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fall 23: repro > Test 1: Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Test 1: Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

function of oviducts

A
  • Transport ovulated oocytes and spermatozoa to site of fertilization
  • Transport embryo to uterus
  • Mucosa produces substances to make survivable environment for gametes
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2
Q

parts of the oviduct

A
  • infundibulum (captures oocyte)
  • ampulla (site of fertilization)
  • isthmus (connected to uterus at uterotubal junction)
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3
Q

Theca interna produces — in response to —

A

androgens
LH

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4
Q

Granulosa cell layer produces — and inhibin in response to —

A

estrogen
FSH

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5
Q

After ovulation, a corpus hemorrhagicum is formed which organizes into a —

A

corpus luteum (CL)

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6
Q

Corpus luteum produce —

A

progesterone

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7
Q

A CL forms a — after it degenerates

A

corpus albicans

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8
Q

mullerian duct become

A

female repro- uterus, vagina, ovary

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9
Q

kidneys in embryo start as

A

mesonephros

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10
Q

what makes male in embryo

A

SRY protein on Y chromosome

  • activates male genes and represses female genes
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11
Q

Testes form , testes produce —, paramesonephric ducts degenerate and — become male tubular system

A

AMH and testosterone

mesonephric ducts

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12
Q

epithelium become the —

A

granulosa cells

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13
Q

the meschencyme become the —

A

theca cells

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14
Q

the endothelium become germ cells that become

A

oocytes

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15
Q

what causes freemartin

A

male and female twins, AMH from male causes shrinking/messed up female repro tract

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16
Q

how does female brain development work

A

Estradiol/estrogen from fetal ovary can NOT get into the brain → surge center develops → female brain

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17
Q

how does male brain development work

A

Testosterone from fetal testis crosses the BBB and is converted into estradiol → blocks the formation of the surge center

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18
Q

GnRH is made by

A

neurons in the hypothalamus that work on the anterior pituitary to make FSH and LH

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19
Q

Follicular cells produce

A

estrogen

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20
Q

Luteinization is the change from — to —

A

follicular cells (estrogen) to Luteal cells (progesterone)

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21
Q

oxytocin is made in the — and stimulates

A

posterior pituitary
milk let down and uterus constriction

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22
Q

when an animal is in — she will produce estrogen

A

estrus/heat

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23
Q

estrogen will do what

A
  • Increases myometrial contractility
  • induces cervical and vulvar relaxation
  • increases uterine defense
  • slows transport of fertilized oocyte to through the oviduct (estrogen here is produced by the embryo)
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24
Q

progesterone is made by

A

CL and placenta

  • made during pregnancy/diestrus
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25
Q

progesterone will do what

A
  • block estrogen
  • Depresses myometrial activity
  • Induces growth endometrial glands and secretions
  • Induces cervical closure
  • Decreases uterus defenses- dont want uterus attacking embryo if pregnant
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26
Q

how does testosterone form

A

LH from anterior pituitary will ↑ the formation of steroids from cholesterol → progesterone → androstenedione →testosterone

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27
Q

androgens can be — to become estrogen

A

armozatized

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28
Q

how os estrogen made

A
  • Theca cells take cholesterol and produce androgens with the help of LH
  • androgens diffuse to the granulosa cells to aromatize into estrogens, FSH induces this activity enchancing estrogen production
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29
Q

inhibin is made by

A

granulosa cells

30
Q

how does inhibin work

A

negative feed back loop

  • made by granulosa cells in the large follicle, will tell hypothalamus to stop making GnRH which in turn will decrease FSH production
31
Q

how to measure if mare can still be breed (ovarian quiescence)

A

AMH levels
* made by granulosa cells during follicle growth
* can estimate the pool of follicles available

32
Q

— is made by granulosa cells during follicle growth

A

AMH

33
Q

HCG has the effect of — in a mare and can be used to cause

A

LH

ovulation

34
Q

— is produced by equine embryo at 37 days

A

ECG/PMSG

  • equine chorionic gonadotropin/pregnant mare serum gonadotropin
  • placental hormone
35
Q

ECG will do what

A

luteinization/ovulation of secondary follicles

  • will support the pregnancy while placenta is forming- makes more CL = ↑ progesterone = stays pregnant

ECG/PMSG is made by mare embryo at 37 days

36
Q

in cow CL will release — when close to parturition

A

relaxin- will relax cervix and pelvis

37
Q

prostaglandin (PGF2⍺) will do what

A

made by uterus or ovary depending on species

  • will contract uterus
  • will ↓ blood flow to CL
  • will ↓ LH receptors on CL
  • will inhibit P4 synthesis
  • which leads to apoptosis of the CL

different for species- not dogs, have CL all pregnancy
Pigs- combo oxytocin and PGF2⍺

38
Q

what does PGE do?

A

made by embryo

  • will relax the cervix
  • contract the oviduct
  • releases the embyro
39
Q

— can be used to treat blocked oviducts, form of abortion med

A

misoprostol- form of PGE

  • made by embryo- relax cervix, contracts oviduct and releases embryo
40
Q

Prior to puberty, follicles have been leaving the primordial pool grow to —

A

small antral and die

41
Q

At puberty pituitary begins to release — and stimulates this follicles to keep growing when leaving the pool to become antral

A

LH and FSH

42
Q

During puberty. Follicles start to produce —: expression of secondary sexual characteristics, enlargement and maturation of tubular genital organs and — behavior

A

estrogen
estrus

43
Q

what happens during proestrus

A
  • Progesterone decreasing after luteolysis, estrogen increasing
  • 2-5 days depending on species
  • Antral follicles are growing
  • Reproductive tract is preparing for mating
44
Q

LH will work on — to convert cholesterol into —

A

theca interna
testosterone in granulosa cells

45
Q

— secretion from the follicle peaks during the estrous cycle

A

estradiol

46
Q

— is high in estrus and — is low

A

estrogen/estradiol
progesterone

47
Q

what happens during metestrus

A

progesterone increases as CL is forming, estradiol is falling

  • 2-5 days for adequate amount of progesterone
48
Q

steps of estrous cycle

A

proestrus
estrus
metestrus
diestrus
anestrus

49
Q

diestrus ends with

A

luteolysis

50
Q

— is high during diestrus

A

progesterone ↑↑

51
Q

high progesterone will — uterine tone except in mares where it will —

A

decrease
increase

52
Q

what will progesterone do

A
  • Inhibits reproductive behavior
  • Reduces uterine tone (except mare where increases it)
  • Decreased resistance of uterus to infection
  • Preparation of uterine environment
  • Stimulates mammary glands
  • CL functional

progesterone very high during diestrus- and ends with luteolysis

53
Q

what can cause anestrus

A

normal- lactation, seasons
pathologic- stress, illness, poor nutrition

54
Q

which one is FSH and LH

A
55
Q

what are the blue lines

A

estrogen and PGF2⍺

56
Q

what is the red line

A

progesterone

57
Q

A antral/terciary follicle will have — estradiol, inhibin, LH and FSH

A

↑ estradiol, inhibin, LH
↓FSH

58
Q

primoridial follicles are kept in what stage

A

prophase of meiosis I

59
Q

when is LH surge

A

during formation of antral follicle, builds until ovulation and causes formation of corpus luteum

60
Q

4 jobs of LH

A
  • expansion of the cumulous- egg is detached from follicle to prepare for ovulation
  • formation of the stigma/hole with help of PGE2 and PGF2⍺
  • resumes meiosis- metaphase II for fertilization
  • Luteization of the follicle into corpus luteum- estrogen →progesterone
61
Q

— works with LH to weaken the follicular wall to allow for ovulation

A

prostaglandins (PGE2 and
PGF2alpha in particular)

  • Prostaglandins release lysosomal enzymes and weakens follicular wall
62
Q

follicular phase of estrous cycle has
— as the main hormone
— as the structure
ends with —

A

estradiol
follicles (antral), no CL
ovulation

63
Q

the stages of the follicular phase of the estrous cycle are

A

proestrus and estrus

  • when there is no CL and antral follicle making ↑ estrogen
  • receptive to males and repro tract changes
64
Q

luteal phase of the estrous cycle is when
— is the primary structure
— is the primary hormone
stages are —
and ends with —

A

CL
progesterone
metestrus and diestrus
Luteolysis

65
Q

which animals have which stages of the estrous cycle

A
66
Q

how does seasonal breeders work

A
67
Q

↑ RFRP-3 in horses →—kiss-10 → —GnRH → — FSH and LH

A

↑
= cyclicity

68
Q

↑ RFRP-3 in sheep →—kiss-10 → —GnRH → — FSH and LH

A

low= no cycles

short day breeders (in winter)

opposite of horses

69
Q

— are induced ovulators

A

cats and alpacas/llamas
* Require copulatory stimulation to ovulate – nerves to surge center to cause GnRH surge
then LH surge

70
Q

how does ruminant know its pregnant

A

blastocyst produces interferon tau
* inhibits oxytocin and prevents luteinization

71
Q

how does pig know it is pregnant

A

2 or more blastocysts makes estradiol

72
Q

how does mare know it is pregnant

A

???
travel through uterus

fall 23: repro (21 decks)

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