Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Fall 23: repro > Test 1: lecture 2 repro phys > Flashcards

Test 1: lecture 2 repro phys Flashcards

1
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The — ligament carries blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves to the ovaries, oviducts, uterus and cervix.

A

broad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

oocytes are released from the — on mare ovary

A

ovulation fossa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

true or false
horse ovary will form ovulation papilla after ovulation

A

false
* oocycte released through the ovulation fossa in a horse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

three parts of the oviduct

A

Infundibulum – funnel-shaped end nearest the ovary; covers the ovulation fossa during ovulation.
Ampulla - site of fertilization.
Isthmus - narrow portion nearest the uterus; enters the uterus by a small
projection into the uterine lumen, oviduct papilla.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

— is the site of fertilization

A

ampulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how does fertilized egg get from oviduct to uterus in a horse

A

makes PGE and sphincter lets it through

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

if you can feel endometrial folds the mare is —

A

not pregnant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

mare uterus what is this a picture of

A

uterine horn during estrus- endometrial folds are swollen and appear hypoechoic(darker)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

edematous endometrial folds will look — on ultrasound

A

hypoechoic (darker)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what estrous phase?

A

estrus- sexually receptive

  • large endometrial folds are hyoechoic (darker)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is uterine milk in horse

A

made by endometrial glands, feeds embroy prior to placenta becoming functional

  • 60 days in mare
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

beginning of cervix is called

A

portio vaginalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

progesterone causes the cervix to

A

close

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
A

Pregnant- long tightly closed, dull yellow gray portio vaginalis positioned in the center of the cranial vaginal

↑progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q
A

anestrus- closed but not tightly closed, dull yellow gray cervix neutrally positioned in the anterior vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q
A

closed, diestrus- shapely closed pink, wet as a mare in diestrus
↑progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q
A

estrus, relaxed-flat relaxed with little shape, red, glistening, inviting as a mare in estrus.

↑estrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Follicles produce

A

estrogen and inhibin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

corpus luterum produces

A

progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

horses have what type of estrous cycle

A

seasonally polyestrous
* 21 days

24
Q

The retina of the eye is stimulated by light which elevates the tonic excitation of retinal neurons and transmits this excitation to the — of the hypothalamus.

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus

25
Q

the suprachiasmatic nucleus is connected by a second nerve tract to the —

A

superior cervical ganglion.

26
Q

Stimulation of the superior cervical ganglion causes an — at the superior cervical ganglion.

A

inhibitory response

27
Q

longer days will result in low — secretion and then low — release (during periods of light) being released from the pineal gland.

A

norepinephrine
melatonin

caused by inhibition by the superior cervical ganglion

28
Q

Low melatonin results in the excitation of RFRP neurons which cause — in RFRP-3.

A

an increase

29
Q

↑RFRP-3 in mares will cause

A

IN the mare RFRP-3 stimulates the kisspeptin neurons to produce kisspeptin-10 which acts directly on GnRH neurons to increase GnRH → stimulates the secretion of FSH and LH. The ovaries are then stimulated to have follicular waves and ovulate.

30
Q

In the ewe elevated RFRP results in — concentration of kisspeptin-10 and — GnRH.

A

low

low

31
Q

normal length of the estrus cycle of a mare

A

21-22 days with leutiolisis at day 14

32
Q

mares during the summer will have a longer or shorter estrus phase

A

shorter, longer days= less days “in heat”

spring= 7 days
summer 2 days
fall 7 days

33
Q

Ovulation occurs — hours before the end of estrus.

A

0 to 48

34
Q

In the mare, signs of estrus are due to

A

the absence of progesterone and not just to the presence of estradiol. “Silent heat” mares may cycle regularly but not be detected to be in estrus.

35
Q

what are the hormone levels during estrus

A

Plasma estradiol concentrations are elevated.
Plasma FSH concentrations are increasing (inhibin, thought to be produced by the dominant follicle, has a negative feedback on FSH).
LH peaks.
Plasma progesterone concentrations are low (< 1 ng/ml).

36
Q

during estrus the cervix and uterus are

A

cervix: relaxed, open and edematous (contrast with anestrous cervix that may be open but is thin-walled).

The uterus is edematous but not turgid, as in the cow. Edema of endometrial folds may ultrasonographically appear as spokes in a wheel.

37
Q

ovulatory follicles in a mare are how big

A

35-50 mm in diameter

38
Q

measures 37mm

A

follicle in ovary
- mare in estrus/heat with dominant follicle

39
Q

— occurs 0 to 48 hours before the end of estrus

A

Ovulation

This means that some mares will go out of heat the day they ovulate but some mares will ovulate and not go out of heat for another 2 days.

40
Q

— is the behavior demonstrated when a mare is rejecting the advances of a stallion. Not in heat!

A

diestrus

41
Q

the — becomes a CL which matures 6 to 7 days after ovulation

A

Corpus hemorrhagicum

42
Q

In the nonpregnant mare, luteolysis occurs — days after ovulation.

A

14

43
Q

ovary

A

Sonogram of the right ovary of a mare depicting four anechoic (black) follicles and a hyperechoic corpus luteum.

  • ovulated in the last 14 days, ↑ progesterone
44
Q

if horse not pregnant — is released by the — at day 14 and will cause

A

PGF2⍺
uterus

luteolysis of corpus luteum → will die and horse will come back into heat

45
Q

what does it mean when horse has mid-cycle follicular wave

A

has two cycles of follicle formation but only one will lead to ovulation

46
Q

what happens to ovaries, cervix and uterus during anestrus

A
  • The ovaries are inactive.
  • The uterus is flaccid.
  • The cervix may be moderately closed or thin and open. (no hormones to keep it closed)
  • Ovarian steroid hormone concentrations are low.
47
Q

when is the vernal transitional breeding season

A

spring

48
Q

when is the autumnal transitional breeding season

A

fall

49
Q

during transitional breeding season what happens to ovaries and cervix

A

The ovaries have numerous follicles. The cervix does not tightly close until an ovulation occurs. Mares will display long periods of estrus.

  • autumnal- will form large follicles but LH too low to cause ovulation
50
Q

what happens during vernal transitional breeding season

A
  • long irregular periods of receptivity
  • 3-4 cycles but no ovulation, will have waves of FSH making follicles but it takes 8-10 weeks of ↑ light to produce enough LH to cause ovulation
51
Q

During mid to late vernal transition the ovaries will be quite large and contain numerous —

A

large > 25 mm follicles

52
Q

Interestingly the transitional follicles are not capable of producing — (steroidogenically incompetent) until about — before the first ovulation of the year.

A

estrogen
5 days

53
Q
A
54
Q

— is produced by the endometrium day 14 if the mare is not pregnant

A

PGF2⍺

  • Causes luteolysis (luteolysis is the destruction of the CL).
  • Causes a marked decrease in plasma progesterone within 5 hours.
  • The mare returns to estrus in a few days.
55
Q

behavior of mare in estrus

A
  1. Tolerating copulation (“standing”). This is the most definitive sign that a mare is in estrus.
  2. Soliciting stallion’s attention.
  3. Posturing, with characteristic flexed, abducted hind legs and pelvis tilt.
  4. Raising the tail.
  5. Rhythmically everting the vulva to expose the clitoris (“winking”).
  6. Leaning toward the stallion.
  7. Squatting and urinating (“breaking down”
  8. Not kicking.
  9. Neutral position of ears.
56
Q

behavior of mare in diestrus

A
  1. Clamp or swish the tail.
  2. Kick.
  3. Move away from him.
  4. Strike at him.
  5. Squeal.
  6. Bite.
  7. Pin her ears back.

Fall 23: repro (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions