Test 1: 12 obstetrics Flashcards
difficult birth, extended labor
dystocia
normal, safe labor and birth
eutocia
successive fertilization of two or more ova by different sires
Superfecundation
successive fertilization of two or more ova of different ovulations at different times resulting in the presence of embryos of unlike ages
Superfetation
inhibition of uterine contractions
Tocolytic
inducing contractions of the uterus resulting in expulsion of a fetus
ecbolic
signs of approaching parturition in cow
24-48 hrs prepartum
relaxation of pelvic, especially sacrosciatic ligaments, “springer”, vulvar relaxation and lengthening, cervical relaxation, vulvar mucus discharge from liquification of cervical mucus, udder enlargement/edema, +/- ventral edema, udder secretion changes from honey-like to yellowish, cloudy, viscous colostrum; restlessness, anorexia in the last several hours prepartum.
signs of approaching parturition in mare
relaxation of sacrosciatic ligaments and vulva, udder development 0-6 weeks prepartum, udder edema, oozing of colostrum (“waxing”) 0-48 hours prepartum, restlessness, sweating, anorexia, vulvar discharge not evident; udder secretion becomes “sticky”, cloudy, milky.
in sow, bitch and queen signs of partuition
privacy-seeking, nesting, vulva flaccid, enlarged, and edematous, mammary gland enlargement.
gestation length of cow
280
gestation length of mare
340
gestation length of ewe
146
gestation length of doe
146
gestation length of sow
114
gestation length of bitch
63
gestation length of queen
64
which females have corpus luteum throughout preg
cow
doe
sow
bitch
which females do not have CL throughout all of preg
ewe
mare
queen
how is parturition initiated
- fetus makes cortisol, this causes progesterone to convert into estrogen in the ewe, mare and queen, in the cow, doe, sow and bitch the placenta will make estrogen
- this will lead to PGF2a production
- causes luteolysis of CL and/or uterine contrations
- oxytocin is released
- ferguson’s reflex
- fetal expulsion
fetal cortisol causes the conversion of — to —, which leads to — production during parturition
progesterone to estrogen
PGF2a
cow, dow, sow, bitch- CL throughout preg
ewe, mare, queen- placenta makes estrogen
what is ferguson’s reflex
fetus pushing on cervix caused the release of more oxytocin which leads to more uterus contractions
stage 1 of birth include
cervical relaxation
uterine contraction
fetal positioning
foals change to what position in stage 1 partuition
Foals turn from “upside down” (dorsopubic) to “right side up” (dorsosacral) position.
stage II partuition starts with
repture of chorioallantosis and release of allantoic fluids
what happens in stage II partuition
starts with rupture of chorioallantois
* active abdomonial and uterine contractions
* expulsion of fetus
white membrane?
amnion
* chorioallantois- red bag has been ruptured
— is a tocolytic drug that stops labor by causing uterine relaxation.
Clenbuterol
Sc histosomus reflexus
physical of dam with dystocia
TPR, degree of abdominal enlargement, exhaustion, recumbency, agitation, mucus membranes, character of vaginal discharge, fetal membrane presence and character, straining.
how to tell front legs from back legs
If the sole of the foot points up and you have a hind leg then the fetus is in — position.
dorsal sacral
If the sole of the hoof point down and you have a front leg then the fetus is in — position.
dorsal sacral
fetus stressed and poops called
meconium
three principles of obstetrics
lubricant
hygiene
compassion
presentation of the fetus is
relation of the spine of the fetus to the spine of the dam
Anterior, longitudinal presentation, dorso-sacral with head neck and left leg extended. Right leg flexed at the shoulder.
Posterior, longitudinal presentation, dorso-sacral, hind legs flexed.
Transverse, dorsal presentation, left cephalo-ilial
position of fetus is the relation of
dorsum of the fetus in longitudinal presentation (or head in transverse) to the quadrants of the maternal pevis (sacrum, right, ilium, left, ilium, pubis)
anterior presentation, dorso pubic, head, neck and front legs are flexed. This is the orientation that the equine fetus is in most of gestation.
Transverse, ventral presentation, right cephaloilial position.
normal orientation for most fetus
anterior (head first), longitudinal (spines in line), dorsosacral (belly down), head,neck and forelimbs extended
Normal orientation. Longitudinal, anterior, dorsosacral, head, neck and front legs extended
normal orientation for animals with many babies
posterior, longitudinal, dorsoscaral, hindlimbs extended
(back feet first, belly down
term used to return fetus to normal position or presentation
mutations
3 steps of mutations during delivery
- repulsion
- rotation or version
- extension of extremities
— is turning the fetus on its long axis
rotation
what is version
rotation of fetus on its transverse axis into an anterior or posterior presentation
* rare and difficult to do