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Fall 23: repro > Test 1: 5 gestation > Flashcards

Test 1: 5 gestation Flashcards

1
Q

Mare oocyte is in — at ovulation.

A

Metaphase II

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2
Q

when does ovulation occur

A

0-2 days before last day of estrus

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3
Q

Fertilization takes place in the — of the oviduct

A

ampullary portion

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4
Q

It is recommended that breeding takes place before

A

ovulation generally, during the
48 hour period before ovulation, although pregnancy may result if breeding occurs 12 to 18 hours after ovulation.

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5
Q

The fertilized ovum usually enters the uterus as a
— 6 days after ovulation.

A

late morula or an early blastocyst

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6
Q

The early embryo produces
— which allows transport through the oviduct.

A

PGE2

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7
Q

Once the embryo enters the uterus, it moves throughout the uterine lumen until — after ovulation

A

Day
16

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8
Q

If a mare is not pregnant, — is released from the endometrium on Day 14 and travels via the systemic circulation to the ovary to cause —.

A

PGF-2a
luteolysis

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9
Q

what is Uteroferrin

A

present in the uterine lumen from Day 8 until after Day 20. If the pregnancy is terminated, uteroferrin concentrations rapidly decrease.

  • might cause maternal recognition of pregnancy in a mare
  • estrogen, movement, PGF2⍺, uteroferrin
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10
Q

when can you see yolk sac on US

A

Day 9-21

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11
Q

when can you see embryo on US

A

day 21

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12
Q

when can you see heart beat and allontois

A

day 25

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13
Q

what day? . Allantois occupies approximately half of the vesicle. Size of regressing yolk sac is equal to the size of the developing allantois.

A

day 28-30

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14
Q

when?
Allantois occupies entire vesicle; yolk sac has regressed.

A

day 40-45

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15
Q

By 17 to 21 days, there is a tightening and lengthening of the cervix, giving it the
characteristic — shape of pregnancy. The — are no longer
palpable

A

“pencil”
endometrial folds

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16
Q

There are numerous follicles present on both ovaries from Day 10 to 210 of pregnancy. A primary corpus luteum forms from initial ovulation at the start of pregnancy and lasts until about — days of gestation.

A

150-180

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17
Q

Secondary corpora lutea form after Day 40 as a result of secondary ovulated follicles and — of unruptured follicles.

A

luteinization

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18
Q

why don’t mares need a corpus luteum to maintain the pregnancy after 75-100 days

A

Mares do not require a corpus luteum for maintenance of pregnancy after about 75 to 100 days of pregnancy. The fetal-placenta unit produces progestogens after 30 to 60 days of gestation.

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19
Q

Pregnenolone is derived
from the fetal adrenal and converted into progesterone in the placenta and then into — in the endometrium (first
detectable at day 30-60.).

A

5
α-pregnane, 3, 20 –dione
(DHP)

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20
Q

— is produced by placental trophoblast cells. Concentrations are high in late gestation and increase during parturition.

A

relaxins

May aid in relaxation of cervix and ligaments.

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21
Q

average gestation length for mare

A

342
(321-365)

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22
Q

characteristics of impending parturition in mare

A
  • enlarged abdomen
  • mammary development- 3-6 weeks prepartum, colostrum, “waxing”, increased calcium and magnesium content of milk
  • relaxation of sacrosciatic ligament and vulva
  • relaxation of cervix, 0-30 days prepartum
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23
Q

Stage 1 parturition in mare lasts —

A

1 or more hours

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24
Q

what happens during stage I parturition in mare

A

Duration + 1 hour.
Onset of uterine contractions.
Relaxation and dilation of cervix.
Restless. signs of abdominal pain, colic signs.
Sweat patches on flanks and behind elbows.
If disturbed, a mare can stop early stage of parturition.
The end of the first stage of parturition is marked by rupture of the cervical star of the allantochorionic membrane and escape of allantoic fluid. The foal rotates from a dorsopubic
or dorso-ilial position to a dorsosacral position just before delivery.

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25
Q

when does the stage I parturition end

A
  • rupture of the cervical star of the allantochorionic membrane and escape of allantoic fluid
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26
Q

in stage 1 partuition the foal rotates from

A

dorsopubic or dorso-ilial position to a dorsosacral position just before delivery.

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27
Q

stage II parturition in mares lasts

A

less then 30 mins

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28
Q

what happens during stage II parturition in mare

A
  • Duration < 30 minutes.
  • Uterine contractions and abdominal contractions.
  • Delivery of foal covered in its amnion.
  • Normal presentation is anterior, longitudinal, dorsosacral, extended head, neck and front legs.
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29
Q

normal presentation of foal in stage II parturition in mare

A

Normal presentation is anterior, longitudinal, dorsosacral, extended head, neck and front legs.

30
Q

stage 3 parturition lasts how long in mare

A

less then 3 hours

31
Q

what happens during stage 3 parturition in mares

A
  • Duration ≤3 hours.
  • Expulsion of the placental membranes.
  • The placenta should always be examined for completeness paying particular attention to the presence of the tip of each uterine horn.
  • Average weight of a placenta is approximately (11% of weight of conceptus) 13 pounds.
  • The chorion has a velvety red surface.
  • The allantois has a smooth whitish surface.
32
Q

The — has a velvety red surface.
The — has a smooth whitish surface.

A

chorion

allantois

33
Q

During the last 2-3 days of gestation, fetal ACTH —, 17 α-hydroxylase (adrenal enzyme) converts progesterone to — which is required for fetal maturation

A

increases
cortisol

34
Q

PGE2 causes cervical —.

A

relaxation

35
Q

when to induce parturition in mares

A

The mare should be over 330 days pregnant and have developed mammary glands that contain colostrum.

36
Q

what meds to induce parturition in mare

A

oxytocin and dexamethasone

37
Q

uterine involution occurs — in mares

A

quickly- 6-10 days
* Little tissue is lost at parturition due to the epitheliochorial placental attachment, therefore vaginal discharge is scant.

38
Q

what is a foal heat

A

ovulation 7-9 days after foaling, may not maintain pregnancy

39
Q

what to do for retained placenta

A

If placenta remains in the uterus after 3 hours, therapy should be started.
* Early treatment (3-8 hours) - 10-20 IU oxytocin IV or IM every 15 minutes.
* If retention is prolonged (> 8 hours) or other complications are present such as dystocia, fetotomy, cesarean section, more aggressive therapy is promptly required. Laminitis is a frequent sequela to prolonged untreated retained placenta. - oxytocin, NSAID, broad spectrum system antibiotics, exercise, sucking by foal, Ca gluconate, fluids

40
Q

the early mare embryo is surrounded by — that helps with movement

A

glycoprotein capsule

41
Q

the mare has what type of placenta

A
  • Diffuse, nondeciduate. endometrium not sloughed, can ovulate in 7 days
  • Epitheliochorial 6 layers- no antibody exchange, need colostrum (uterine epithelium is in contact with the outer layer of the chorion.
  • Microcotyledonary. (fuzzy) Attachment does not occur until as late as 38 to 39 days. It is not complete until Day 150.
42
Q
A

We are looking at the chorionic surface of a mare’s fetal membranes. The top bar of the F is the gravid horn, the lower bar of the F is the nongravid horn. The cervical star (located at the base of the F) is the area that ruptures to allow the foal to be delivered.

43
Q

layers of epitheliochorial placenta

A

6 layers
FETAL BLOOD

  • Endothelium of fetal blood vessel
  • Fetal mesenchyme
  • Trophoblast cell (chorionic epithelium)
  • Endometrial epithelium
  • Uterine stroma
  • Endothelium of uterine blood vessel

MATERNAL BLOOD

44
Q
A
45
Q

cells from the chorionic girdle will do what?

A

burrow into endometrium
* form endometrial cups, which produce equine chorionic gonadotropin (ECG) → ↑FSH and ↑ LH which leads to additional follicels and grow and leutrinze (secondary corpora lutea) →↑ progesterone

46
Q

why do endometrial cups only present 40-120 days

A

have stallion DNA, female uterus will attack and destroy the cups

endometrial cups make EGC which leads to secondary corpora lutea

47
Q
A
48
Q

how to diagnose pregnancy in mare

A
  • Palpation per rectum > 28 days
  • Transrectal ultrasonography 14 days
  • transabdominal US: 80 days
  • estrone sulfate: 150 days
  • ECG assay: 40-120 days- when there are endometrial cups
49
Q

gestation length of mare

A

342
321-365

50
Q
A

late gestation- laying on its back

51
Q

Progesterone and 5 α-DHP — during the last 2-3 weeks of pregnancy.

A

increase

52
Q

During the last 2-3 days of gestation, fetal ACTH increases, 17 α-hydroxylase (adrenal
enzyme) converts progesterone to — which is required for fetal maturation

A

cortisol

53
Q

During Stage I of labor the fetus rotates from a — position to a — position.

A

dorsopubic

dorsosacral

54
Q

Mare at the end of Stage I of labor as evidenced by the —

A

expulsion of allantoic fluid when the chorioallantois ruptures.

55
Q

foals do not have a — like a ruminant therefore they can be born encased in their —

A

mesovarium
amnion

56
Q

The — has a velvety red surface. The — has a smooth whitish surface.

A

chorion
allantois

57
Q

why would you induce a mare

A
  • ventral hernia
  • ruptured prepubic tendon
  • prolonged gestation
  • medical problem
  • mares requiring assistance
  • nurse mare prep
58
Q

— can be given to induce birth in a mare in 7 days

A

dexamethasone
- may help develop fetal lungs

59
Q

— can be given to induce a mare to give birth in 1 hr

A

oxytocin

60
Q

what happens during uterine involution

A
  • passage of placenta
  • removal of uterine fluids
  • decrease in uterine size
  • repair of endometrium
61
Q

how long is uterine involution in a mare

A

6-10 days
very fast because of epitheliochorial placental attachment- little tissue is lost during parturition

62
Q

If placenta remains in the uterus after —, therapy should be started.

A

3 hours

63
Q

what happens with retained fetal membrane in mare

A
  • metritis
  • endotoxemia
  • laminitis
  • death
64
Q

how to treat retained placenta 3-8 hrs

A

give oxytocin

65
Q

treatment for retained placenta > 8 hrs

A

oxytocin
antibiotics- penicillin and gentamicin
NSAID- flunixin meglumine
lavage uterus
umbilical vessel infusion

66
Q

how does umbilical vessel infusion work

A

way to remove retained pacenta
* all water into the umbilical vessels, will distend the allantoic vessels and should release

67
Q

uterine artery rupture can cause

A
  • bleeding into broad ligament, abdomen and/or uterus
  • can become colicy, shocky and die
68
Q

two most common non-infectious causes of abortion in mares

A

twins
umbilical cord torsion

69
Q

3 top viral causes of abortion in mares

A

EHV-1- vaccinate 5,7,9 months of gestation
equine viral arteritis ∓vaccinate
equine infectious anemia-coggins test- cull +

70
Q
A

Fall 23: repro (21 decks)

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