Terry 7 Flashcards
short term memory
where information goes first, stays when we reintroduce it or rehearse it; used in exposure, rehearsal, and pulling LTM info out. very brief duration, limited capacity, conscious memory
primacy effect
remember items at the beginning better (LTM) (happens more when you learn at a slower pace, less if it’s at a faster rate)
serial position curve
obtained in free recall tasks- how an item’s position in a list of item affects how well it’s recalled (usually looks like a U)
long term memory
if it stays in short term memory long enough it’s transferred; storage location, can be pulled back to short term memory through retrieval. once info is here it’s there permanently; subconscious memory; infinite capacity
recency effect
remember items at the end better (STM)
episodic memory
declarative; events/stories (when/where?)
semantic memory
declarative; the meaning (who/what?)
word frequency effect
when given a list of words and asked to identify them later, subjects are more likely to identify low-frequency because they can attribute them to this situation, whereas high frequency they see so often that they can’t be sure whether they saw it here or somewhere else
explicit memory
actively trying to learn it; can verbalize
implicit memory
you’re unaware of acquiring this memory; can’t verbalize, but can demonstrate
procedural learning
knowledge of how to do things (perceptual, motor, cognitive skills); knowing how (rather than knowing THAT)
priming
identification of one stimulus is facilitated by prior exposure to that stimulus
depth of processing theory
the more effort you put into learning the material, the more likely you are to understand the info later (shallow vs deep rather than different modes)
maintenance rehearsal
repeat something over and over again to keep it fresh in short term memory so you can use it, then it fades after you use it (ex: phone number)
elaborative rehearsal
deeper processing/understanding of material in order to remember it longer
incidental learning
not on purpose learning
transfer-appropriate processing
thinking about something in the most applicable way (ex: in terms of math vs in terms of history- you gain speed when you’re thinking on the same topic) cognitive
delta rule
every experience changes the amount of strength with which synapses are connected until they reach a maximum amount of strength
psychogenic amnesia
amnesia coming from psychological trauma
retrograde amnesia
can’t remember memories that were created in the past
anterograde amnesia
can’t create new memories
amnesic syndrome
can’t form new long term memories but have a reasonable short term memory; trouble forming semantic/episodic, but can do procedural
korsakoff’s syndrome
show retrograde and anterograde amnesia; people who consume high amounts of alcohol and don’t get all their vitamins, a part of the brain is degenerated and it’s associated with memories
dual store theory
we have 2 kinds of memory: short term and long term
Atkinson-Shiffrin modal model of memory
info goes into short term memory then long term memory
HM
evidence that STM and LTM exist; part of his brain was removed bc he was having seizures, and he lost the ability to create LTM; can learn procedural without remembering the actual task
KF
can’t form STM but can form LTM (implies that info can bypass STM- info may go both into STM and LTM)
electroconvulsive shock
therapeutic technique for severe depressions that can’t be helped by chemicals; disrupts moving of most recent info from short term to long term memory
intractable depression
drugs don’t help
consolidation
moving memory from STM to LTM
retrieval failure
it’s in LTM but you can’t pull it out
reminder cues
present a cue and the memory will reappear- it’s not permanently lost
von Restorf effect
list of all the same items but one in the middle is in all caps; that change is enough to cause retrograde amnesia for the items before
serial processing model
you have to go in the order of STM to LTM
declarative memories
verbal- you acquired it verbally and can repeat it verbally
non-declarative memories
implicit memories- you learned it but you can’t verbalize (ex: procedural, motor skills)
amnestic
without memories
encoding stage
creating
storage stage
putting in memory
retrieval stage
getting from memory
state dependent learning
have people learn while they’re in a certain state (ex: sober, drunk); you learn better if your in a better encoding state. important to be tested under the same state that you learn in, even if it’s drunk
encoding specificity principle
need same cues available during retrieval as during encoding
connectionism
the more frequently occurring a couple concepts are together, the more connected those synapses become
organic amnesia
comes from a physical loss/injury
cryptomnesia
you have acquired some info but you don’t recognize that it exists in the brain. the idea pops into their head as an original concept and they present it as their own idea- not intentional
limited psychogenic amnesia
if something aversive happens, you put it out of your mind and you don’t remember even if someone reminds you- if you think hard enough you might (limited to a certain episode)
fugue state
forgetting one’s entire past life; not sure if this has ever actually happened before
altered perspectives
describe an event from your point of view and after telling it many times you turn to a less personal point of view
dissociative personality disorder
people have “multiple” personalities and don’t remember what the other personalities do…but sometimes they do
deja vu
a situation is eerily familiar; elements of this circumstance are similar to true events you have experienced
misidentity disorder- capgras
feeling of recognizing that something is missing; see someone you know and it seems like they’re not quite that person
source amnesia
you know something, but don’t have an episodic trace to identify the where/when of the learning
observer memories
memories from the perspective of observing yourself (more often in older, emotional memories)
