Malott 14

Question 1

imitation

Answer 1

a model performs a behavior which dictates the form of the imitator’s behavior; causal, not both due to a 3rd variable

Question 2

physical prompt/guidance

Answer 2

trainer physically moves the trainee’s body in an approximation of the desired response

Question 3

generalized imitation

Answer 3

imitating a model’s behavior without having been reinforced for imitating that behavior before

Question 4

behavioral chains

Answer 4

sequences of imitative behaviors

Question 5

2 contingencies that caused learned imitation behavior

Answer 5

natural reinforcement contingency (sweet taste of soda) + added reinforcement contingency (a pat on the back)

Question 6

verbal prompt

Answer 6

supplemental verbal stimulus that raises the probability of a correct behavior

Question 7

anticipation procedure

Answer 7

give the opportunity for a correct response before providing a verbal prompt; reinforced more for responding before prompt than after

Question 8

delayed imitation

Answer 8

imitative behavior occurs a considerable amount of time after the modeled behavior

Question 9

imitative reinforcers

Answer 9

stimuli arising from the match between the behavior of the imitator and the behavior of the model that function as reinforcers (automatic reinforcing stimuli that are different from any reinforcement by model)

Question 10

learned reinforcer

Answer 10

a stimulus, event, or condition that is a reinforcer because it has been paired with another reinforcer; before that, it was neutral, but now it can be used to train other responses because it reinforces

Question 11

difference between discrimination contingency and differential reinforcement

Answer 11

discrimination contingency: same behavior, but in or out of the presence of a certain stimulus.
differential reinforcement: different behaviors, one is rewarded, others aren’t.

Question 12

theory of generalized imitation

Answer 12

when reinforcing an imitation, you pair natural reinforcers with neutral stimuli that come from doing the behavior (knowing/feeling that you’ve copied the model). those become learned reinforcers, and enforce behaviors for which there is no reinforcement coming from the model

Question 13

2 ways of maintaining a child’s imitation of parent’s vocal behavior

Answer 13

1. imitating provides learned imitative reinforcers.

2. imitated behavior warrants social or other reinforcement.

Question 14

generalized imitative repertoire

Answer 14

receiving the learned imitative reinforcement of imitating; makes you likely to imitate often

Question 15

conditional learned imitative reinforcer

Answer 15

learned imitative reinforcers only are reinforcing in a certain condition, but not in others. ex: stimuli coming from the match between behaviors + a reward when they’re asked to imitate, and no reward when they’re not asked to imitate