Malott 21

Question 1

phobia

Answer 1

long-lasting, intense, irrational fear; when neutral stimuli acquire aversive properties through association with other stimuli that produce fear

Question 2

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 2

stimulus that produces an unconditioned response without being paired with any other stimulus

Question 3

unconditioned response

Answer 3

an unlearned response that’s elicited by the presentation of an unconditioned stimulus

Question 4

conditioned stimulus

Answer 4

stimulus that has acquired its eliciting properties through previous pairing with another stimulus

Question 5

conditioned response

Answer 5

a learned response elicited by the presentation of a conditioned stimulus

Question 6

activation syndrome

Answer 6

a set of smooth-muscle physiological behaviors that control the stomach, heart, glands; unconditioned response elicited by painful stimuli, and enhances our strength and speed so we can escape those stimuli; can become a conditioned response to a stimulus previously paired with painful stimuli so now we have more strength/speed to avoid them (ex: football)

Question 7

emotional response

Answer 7

when conditioned stimuli elicit the activation syndrome

Question 8

operant conditioning

Answer 8

if your behavior produces reinforcers, that behavior will increase in future frequency; if your behavior produces aversive consequences, its future frequency will decrease

Question 9

respondent conditioning

Answer 9

when a stimulus becomes a CS through pairing with a US

Question 10

what is the traditional thought on voluntary vs involuntary and operant vs respondent?

Answer 10

involuntary goes with respondent, voluntary goes with operant

Question 11

stimulus generalization

Answer 11

responding similarly to similar stimuli

Question 12

higher-order learned reinforcer

Answer 12

pairing a neutral stimulus with a learned reinforcer, rather than an unlearned (the further removed it gets from the unlearned reinforcer, the less reinforcing value it will have)

Question 13

higher-order conditioned stimulus

Answer 13

pairing a neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus rather than an unconditioned stimulus (further it’s removed from US, the weaker it will be)

Question 14

higher-order respondent conditioning

Answer 14

establishing a conditioned stimulus by pairing a neutral stimulus with an already established conditioned stimulus

Question 15

respondent extinction

Answer 15

present the CS without pairing it with the US or an already established CS, and the CS will lose its eliciting power

Question 16

reinforced practice

Answer 16

used in treating phobias- reinforcement by presentation of reinforcers to increase approaching aversive/fear-evoking stimuli

Question 17

systematic desensitization

Answer 17

combining relaxation with a hierarchy of fear-producing stimuli, arranged from least to most frightening

Question 18

in vivo desensitization

Answer 18

use relaxation skills to face real life fear producing situations

Question 19

emotive imagery

Answer 19

rather than using muscular relaxation to inhibit a fear response, use imaginative situations that elicit positive/reinforcing emotional reactions to inhibit fearful responses

Question 20

compound stimuli

Answer 20

two neutral stimuli paired with a US at the same time to make a compound CS

Question 21

overshadowing

Answer 21

one of the stimuli in a compound stimulus pair elicits the response more than the other

Question 22

blocking

Answer 22

when one stimulus elicited the response, then you paired that stimulus with another, but the new one still doesn’t elicit the response- the old one blocked it

Question 23

difference between CS and SD

Answer 23

CS elicits the response because in the past it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus; SD evokes the response because in the presence of that stimulus that response was previously reinforced