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2ND SEM PHYSIO > TERM EXAM - PREFINALS > Flashcards

TERM EXAM - PREFINALS Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following reason is TRUE that calcium homeostasis and phosphate homeostasis are tied to each other?

A. Calcium and phosphate are the principal components of hydroxyapatite crystals which constitute the major
portion of the bone
B. They are regulated by the same hormones,
primarily thyroid and parathyroid hormones
C. It plays a critical role in cellular energy metabolism
D. All of the above

A

A. Calcium and phosphate are the principal components of hydroxyapatite crystals which constitute the major
portion of the bone

pg. 1054 (3rd paragraph, 2nd sentence)

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2
Q 
In a 70-kg person, what is the intestinal
absorption of calcium?
A. 825 mg/day
B. 325 mg/day
C. 500 mg/day
D. 280 mg/day
A

C. 500 mg/day

pg. 1054 (5th paragraph, 5th
sentence)

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3
Q 
Most important form of calcium in plasma
with regards to regulating the secretion of
parathyroid
A. Free ionized
B. Bound to protein
C. Bound to small ions
D. None of the choices
A

A. Free ionized

pg. 1054 (4th paragraph, last
sentence)

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4
Q 
Promote bone resorption and are found
on the growth surfaces of bone
A. Osteocytes
B. Osteoclast 
C. Osteoblast
D. Cortical bone
A

B. Osteoclast

pg. 1056 (2nd paragraph, 7th
sentence)

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5
Q

Not a true mechanism involved in the
intestinal absorption of calcium
A. The active, transcellular absorption of calcium occurs only in the duodenum
B. The passive, paracellular absorption of calcium occurs through the small intestine
C. Calcium enters the cell across the apical membrane through a channel and inside the cell, the calcium if buffered by binding proteins such as calbindin and taken up into the endoplasmic reticulum
D. None of the choices

A

D. None of the choices

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6
Q 
Iodine is concentrated in thyroid follicular epithelial cells by:
A. Primary active transport
B. Secondary active transport
C. Simple diffusion
D. Facilitated diffusion
A

B. Secondary active transport

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7
Q

The thyroid hormone T3 and T4 provide feedback to the hypothalamus. This feedback causes the hypothalamus to:

A. Reduce the synthesis and release of
TRH
B. Increase the synthesis and release of TRH
C. Reduce the synthesis and release of TSH
D. Increase the synthesis and release of TSH

A

A. Reduce the synthesis and release of TRH

pg. 1016

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8
Q

Which of the following decreases the
amount of total T4 and T3?

A. Pregnancy
B. Oral estrogen therapy
C. Nephrotic syndrome
D. Hepatitis

A

C. Nephrotic syndrome

pg. 1009 (1st paragraph)

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9
Q

If hypothyroidism is recognized and corrected within 7 to 14 days after birth, mental development can proceed almost normally.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

pg. 1013 (5th paragraph)

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10
Q

Which of the following is NOT a clinical manifestation of hyperthyroidism:

A. Normal serum glucose
B. Muscle wasting
C. Decreased serum cholesterol
D. Decreased metabolic rate
E. Increased glycogenolysis
A

D. Decreased metabolic rate (Supposedly, increased BMR pg. 1011, last paragraph)

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11
Q

Endocrine secretion of pancreas involves the following hormones except:

A. Amylin and somatostatin
B. Interleukin 6 and musculin
C. Pancreatic polypeptide
D. Insulin and glucagon

A

B. Interleukin 6 and musculin

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12
Q 
60% of the pancreatic islet secrete the
following hormones:
A. Amylin
B. Glucagon
C. Insulin
D. Only A and C
A

D. Only A and C

products of B cell

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13
Q

As insulin molecule attached to the insulin receptor, the following insulin signal transduction pathway transpire. Which of the statement is true?

A. Insulin receptor phosphorylates itself
B. Interacts with insulin receptor substrate
IRS and SHC
C. Binding of docking proteins to the cellular
proteins and become active
D. All of the statements are true

A

D. All of the statements are true

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14
Q

Activation of insulin receptor substrate
result to the following except:

A. Increase gene expression and growth
B. Reduce triglyceride synthesis
C. Decrease proteolysis
D. Increase glucose storage and oxidation

A

B. Reduce triglyceride synthesis

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15
Q

As the glucose enters the cell via the GLUT2 transporter at the cell membrane, which of the following is not true?

A. Active transport of glucose to the cell is
mediated
B. Increased glucose uptake leading to
increase ATP, ATP/ ADP
C. Inhibition of the K+ channels to cause
depolarization
D. Activation of the Ca2+ gated channel in
plasma membrane resulting to release of
insulin

A

A. Active transport of glucose to the cell is

mediated

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16
Q

Segregation of antigens in the seminiferous tubules from the immune cells that are able to enter into the interstitial space of the testis prevents the body from eliciting an immune response against these vulnerable cells:

A. Sertoli cells
B. Blood-testis barrier
C. Epididymis
D. Efferent ductules

A

B. Blood-testis barrier

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17
Q

Accounts for 10-30% of male infertility secondary to azoospermia:

A. Sertoli cell-only syndrome
B. Germinal cell aplasia
C. Caused by a single gene defect
D. Caused by alcoholism
E. All of the choices are correct
A

E. All of the choices are correct

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18
Q

Which is NOT included in the aspects of sperm maturation in the epididymis?

A. Proteins (shedding as well as acquisition of new proteins)
B. Ability to bind to zona reticularis
C. Acquisition of receptors for proteins
D. Increased disulfide bonds between cysteine residues in sperm nucleoproteins
E. Topographic regionalization of glycosidic
residues

A

B. Ability to bind to zona reticularis

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19
Q

Which of the following parts of the epididymis serves as a reservoir for sperm?

A. Head of epididymis
B. Body of epididymis
C. Rete testis
D. Seminiferous tubules
E. Tunica albuginea
A

C. Rete testis

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20
Q

The epididymis empties into the ________, which is responsible for the movement of sperm along the tract.

A. Tail of epididymis
B. Body of epididymis
C. Vas deferens 
D. Seminiferous tubules
E. Tunica albuginea
A

C. Vas deferens pg. 1103 (2nd paragraph, 1st

sentence)

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21
Q

The pathway of endocrine function where the chemicals can also bind to
receptors on or in the cell that is actually secreting the hormone and thus affect the function of the hormone-secreting cell itself is referred to as:

A. Endocrine
B. Paracrine
C. Autocrine
D. All of the above

A

C. Autocrine

22
Q

The peptide hormone atrial natriuretic hormone (ANP) has the following signal transduction pathways:

A. Guanylyl cyclase receptor
B. Guanylyl cyclase linked enzyme
C. cGMP second messenger
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

23
Q

In the disorder pseudohypoparathyroidism,
there is an impairment in
the ability of PTH to regulate body calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, resulting to low serum calcium level and high serum phosphate level. The key defect is attributed to:

A. Abnormality in a stimulatory a subunit of a heterotrimeric G protein
B. Abnormality in the receptor associated with tyrosine kinase
C. Abnormality in the second messenger IP3 and DAG
D. Abnormality in the second messenger cGMP

A

A. Abnormality in a stimulatory a subunit of a heterotrimeric G protein pg. 982 (Box
47-2)

24
Q

The tissues in the body possess the enzymatic apparatus to convert cholesterol into active hormones:

A. Adrenal cortex
B. Thyroid gland
C. Gonads (ovary and testes)
D. Only A and C

A

D. Only A and C

25
Q

The peptide/ amine hormones have the
following characteristics except:

A. Storage pools is in the form of secretory
vesicles
B. Interaction with the cell membrane by
the process of diffusion
C. The receptor is in the cell membrane
D. The action is/are signal-transduction
cascade(s) with seconds to minutes response
time
A

B. Interaction with the cell membrane by

the process of diffusion

26
Q

What is the rate limiting step in cortisol
formation?

A. Oxidation of a hydroxyl group of pregnenolone by 3B hydroxysteroid
dehydrogenase to form progesterone

B. Conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone via side chain cleavage
enzyme

C. 21a-hydroxylase adds a hydroxyl to 17a-
hydroxypregnenolone to produce 11-deoxycortisol

D. 11-hydroxylase adds another hydroxyl to 11-deoxycortisol to produce cortisol

A

B. Conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone via side chain cleavage
enzyme

27
Q

In the absence of pituitary
adrenocorticotropic hormone, which of the following layer/s of the adrenal cortex will undergo atrophy?

A. Zona fasciculata
B. Zona glomerulosa
C. Zona fasciculata and reticularis
D. Zona fasciculata and glomerulosa

A

C. Zona fasciculata and reticularis

28
Q

The following are true of glucocorticoids
EXCEPT:

A. They mainly act by modulating gene transcription
B. Cortisol enhances hepatic glucose production
C. Cortisol promotes lipolysis in adipose tissues
D. They increase the ability of osteoblasts to synthesize new bone

A

D. They increase the ability of osteoblasts to synthesize new bone

29
Q

Endocrine feedback loop governs the secretion of adrenal medullary hormones
A. True
B. False

A

B. False

30
Q

Enhanced growth of the adrenal gland with the classical clinical syndrome of saltlosing, virilizing congenital adrenal hyperplasia:

A. 17a-hydroxylase/ 17,20-lyase deficiency
B. 11B-hydroxylase deficiency
C. 3B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
deficiency
D. 21a-hydroxylase deficiency
A

D. 21a-hydroxylase deficiency

31
Q 
Replacement of GH in adults who have
growth hormone deficiency will lead to:
A. Decreased lean body mass
B. Decreased body fat
C. Decreased sense of well being
D. Decreased sense of vigor
E. All of the choices
A

B. Decreased body fat

32
Q

When GHRH binds to GPCR on somatotrophs, it will cause activation of G protein and AC leading to a cascade of events. The following event/s is/are true:

A. Decrease calcium
B. Increase gene transcription and inhibition
of GH
C. Rise in cAMP, hence closing calcium channels
D. Increase Ca2+ stimulates release of preformed GH
E. All of the choices

A

D. Increase Ca2+ stimulates release of preformed GH

33
Q

Ghrelin is an orexigenic signal for the anterior pituitary
A. True
B. False

A

B. False

34
Q

True of the satiety center

A. Located in the ventromedial nucleus
B. A lesion in this center will cause hyperphagia
C. Electrical stimulation elicits sensation of satiety
D. All of the choices
E. None of the choices

A

D. All of the choices

35
Q

True of leptin

A. A 70 kDa protein made almost exclusively
by adipocytes
B. Main role is to regulate how many calories
we eat and burn and has nothing to do with
how much fat we carry in our bodies
C. It is a hormone that is produced by the
fat cells in the body
D. All of the choices
E. None of the choices

A

C. It is a hormone that is produced by the

fat cells in the body

36
Q

In fetal circulation, the sum of the outputs of the right and left ventricles is termed as the combined cardiac output (CCO). Which of the following has the least
percentage of CCO?

A. Lungs
B. Coronary circulation
C. Head
D. Superior vena cava

A

B. Coronary circulation

37
Q

Blood in the umbilical vein has the greatest oxygen saturation.

A. True
B. False

A

A. True

38
Q

Function of surfactant

A. Increase lung compliance
B. Reduces effort in inspiration
C. Provide a defense against infection
D. All of the choices

A

D. All of the choices

39
Q

Closure of the foramen ovale is mainly due to:

A. Increased pulmonary arterial pressure
B. Increased right atrial pressure
C. Increased pulmonary vascular resistance
D. Increase in left atrial pressure

A

D. Increase in left atrial pressure

40
Q 
Which of the following best describes
fetal circulation?
A. Pulmonary vascular resistance is high
B. Left side of the heart is dominant
C. The heart chambers pump in parallel
D. Systemic vascular resistance is high
A

C. The heart chambers pump in parallel

41
Q

In terms of serum estradiol (E) and progesterone (P) and inhibin, the induction of the preovulatory LH surge is associated with which of the following:

A. High E and low P
B. High E, high P, and high inhibin
C. Low E and low P
D. Low E and high P

A

A. High E and low P

42
Q

Which of the following hormones peaks during the mid-luteal phase?

A. Inhibin
B. FSH
C. LH
D. GnRH

A

A. Inhibin

43
Q

Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of androstenedione to estrone in the granulosa cells of the maturing ovarian follicle?

A. P450 side chain cleavage enzyme
B. 11 beta hydroxylase
C. Aromatase
D. 17 beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

A

C. Aromatase

44
Q

Which of the following hormones inhibits ovulation and downregulates GnRH
release when present in high
concentrations?

A. Prolactin
B. FSH
C. LH
D. Human menopausal gonadotropins

A

A. Prolactin

45
Q

Which of the following is NOT detectable in the blood of a non-pregnant female?

A. Oxytocin
B. Relaxin
C. hCS
D. Inhibin

A

C. hCS

46
Q

Which of the following hormonal combinations in plasma is associated with
normal lactation?

A. Cortisol + prolactin + oxytocin
B. Estrogen (E) + progesterone (P) +
prolactin
C. E + P + insulin + cortisol + prolactin
D. Prolactin + oxytocin + E + P
A

A. Cortisol + prolactin + oxytocin

47
Q 
HCG acts upon which of the following receptor?
A. LH receptor
B. PRL receptor
C. GH receptor
D. FSH receptor
A

A. LH receptor

48
Q

In the absence of fertilization, the uterine endometrium is shed since:

A. Involution of corpus luteum causes
estradiol and progesterone levels to fall
B. There is an LH surge prior to ovulation
C. Theca lutein cells are the principal source
of progesterone
D. Blood flow to the endometrium increases

A

A. Involution of corpus luteum causes

estradiol and progesterone levels to fall

49
Q 
structurally and functionally similar to:
A. LH
B. FSH
C. Growth hormone
D. Inhibin
A

A. LH

50
Q

In which of the following functional events is there an expected decrease in a
healthy pregnant woman in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy relative to the nonpregnant state?

A. Heart rate
B. Cardiac output
C. Respiratory rate
D. Viscosity of blood
E. Blood pressure
A

D. Viscosity of blood

2ND SEM PHYSIO (27 decks)

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