[Recalls] GIT EVALS Flashcards
What is the primary site for absorption of nutrients?
Answer. Small Intestine
The muscle layer of the GIT consist of:
Answer: Inner layer Circular smooth muscle
Which of the following absorbs water and electrolyte?
Answer: Both large and small intestines
Which of the following absorbs lipids, carbohydrates and amino acids?
Answer: Small intestine
Digestion requires enzymes secreted in the following except:
Answer: Large intestine
Ingestion of food initiates multiple responses. Which of the following involves the release of neurotransmitter in the blood?
Answer: Endocrine
Which of the following is not true about GALT?
Answer: mucosal immune system, organized aggregates of lymphoid tissue, protects against potential pathogens, permits immunologic tolerance
It is the primary neural mechanism that controls GI function.
Answer: Enteric Nervous System
What plexus found in the submucosa only in small and large intestine?
Answer: Meissner’s plexus
What plexus located between the circular and longitudinal smooth muscle?
Answer: Myenteric and Auerbach’s plexus
Which of the ENS neurotransmitter is the primary preganglionic and postganglionic neurotransmitter regulating both secretory functions and muscle activity in GI tract?
Answer: Acetylcholine
Somatostatin: what GI peptide hormone source
D-cells
CCK:
I-cells
Gastrin
G-cells
Secretin
S-cells
Gastric secretions can amount up to 2 liters per day basal secretion is usually reach in which of the following:
Answer: Sodium
Which of the following is the most important stimulus for gastric acid secretion in humans?
Answer: Histamine
The following statement/s is/are true of secretin?
Answer: It can cause direct down regulation of parietal Hydrogen release
The presence of chyme in the duodenum will result in increase secretion of the following except:
Answer: Histamine
Gastric emptying: the emptying of solid is the function of:
Answer: smooth muscle in the antrum
The d-cells in the corpus in the stomach are triggered to release somatostatin by:
Answer: Neural and Hormonal mechanism
Which of the following is the most potent inhibitor of gastric acid secretion?
Answer: Lipids
In the process of gastric acid secretion, the secretion of Hydrogen Ion is due to extrusion of hydrogen from the cell lumen in exchange for:
Answer: Potassium
In gastric accommodation, cumulative increase in volume in the stomach causes an increase in intragastric pressure:
Answer: False
ECL cells
Histamine
I cells of duodenum and jejenum
CCK
Regulation of mucosal growth in corpus
Gastrin
Secreted also by pancreas and hypothalamus
Somatostatin
Chief cells
Pepsinogen
Which of the following is not one of the several different patterns of digestion?
Answer: Enzymatic
Celiac sprue
Duodenum and jejenum
Chronic pancreatitis
Fat digestion
Celiac sprue
Fat absorption
Surgical resection disease
Ileum
Lactase deficiency
Small intestine
Normal adult small intestine absorbs how many % of dietary lipid while carbohydrate provides ___ of the total energy needed of western diet:
Answer: 9.5, 45%
Mediates the facilitated diffusion of fructose into the enterocyte
Glut5
Sodium coupled transporter that mediates the uptake of glucose and galactose
SGLT1
Monosaccharides, basolateral membrane into interstitial space
Glut2
Proteins are encoded by mRNA and consist of 20 amino acids, ___ of which are essential…
Answer: 9
five pancreatic enzymes participate in protein digestion and are secreted as inactive proenzymes. Which of the following is not one of the five:
Answer: Elastase
During the postnatal period, intestinal epithelial cells absorbs protein by:
Answer: endocytosis, pinocytosis…all of the above
The term fat is generally used to refer to:
Answer: triacylglycerol, etc, all of the above
Endogenous lipids are predominantly:
Answer: all of the above (bile lipids, lecithin and cholesterol)
The salivary gland mainly produce secretion that has low glycoprotein content:
Answer: Parotid gland
The most potent stimulator of CCK release is:
Answer: lipids
Saliva contains the following except:
Answer: AOTA (ptyalin, lysozyme, etc.)
The pancreas stores enzymes required for digestion and the greater pancreatic reserves are those that are required for the digestion of:
Answer: carbohydrates and proteins
CCK is secreted in the:
Answer: small intestine
the enzyme that converts trypsinogen to trypsin:
Answer: enterokinase
The major 2nd messenger for the secretion of proteins:
Answer: calcium
Most important humoral regulator of pancreatic ductal bicarbonate secretion:
Answer: secretin
The following statements are true of pancreatic duct cell except:
Answer: secretin increase the secretion of glycoproteins from these cells
Glands have different modes of secretion, which of the following release molecules which includes parts of the membrane:
Answer: mammary gland
Which of the following increases the volume of enzyme content of exocrine pancreatic secretions:
Answer: secretin
Sjogren’s syndrome, is a chronic progressive…etc:
lacrimal gland
Primary secretion of salivary acinar cell contain the following except:
Answer: no exception (ptyalin, mucin, etc)
The primary defect in cystic fibrosis affects which of the following:
Answer: apical chloride channel
The exocrine pancreas and major salivary glands are compound specialized secretory organs which primarily aids in digestion. The pancreas measures 12.5-15cm.
Answer: False
In obstructive jaundice, which of the following physiologic process is affected:
Answer: Conversion of bilirubin to urobilinogen
Which of the following is the physiologic mechanism that actually prevents gallstones formation:
Answer: Acidification of bile
A principal role of this glycoprotein is to transport TAG from the liver or intestines to peripheral tissues.
Answer: VLDL
Unconjugated bilirubin is bound to which of the following to allow easier excretion:
Answer: Glucoronic acid
Only conjugated bilirubin can be excreted in bile.
Answer: True
Chylomicrons transport dietary TAG and cholesterol to adipose tissue and muscles.
Answer: False
The liver hepatocytes have a zonal relationship that modifies liver function:
Answer: Zone III
Biotransformation of drugs occurs primarily in:
Answer: Zone III
Zone I of the liver is the area which is responsible for what hepatic function:
Answer: Oxidative
This involves in reverse cholesterol transport:
Answer: HDL
Which of the following is the effect of CCK on hepatobiliary function:
Answer: Relaxation of Sphincter of Oddi
The form of bilirubin found on intestinal contact:
Answer: Stercobilin
Development of shunt between the portal vein and vena cava as a result of schistosomiasis releases:
Answer: All of the above
The enterohepatic circulation of the bile acids is driven by:
Answer: All of the above
A regulation of biliary secretion is/are the following except:
Answer: CCK constricts sphincter of oddi
The vitamin that is greatly stored in the Liver:
Answer: Vitamin A
Absorption of sodium into the intestinal cells across the luminal membrane and down its electrochemical gradient in the following mechanisms, except:
Answer; sodium bicarbonate exchanger
The GIT secretes electrolytes from blood to lumen and the secretory mechanisms are located in the:
Answer: crypt cells
Which of the following is/are true of the colon:
Answer: The amplification of the surface area of absorption is marked in the colon (INVALID – dapat naa except)
Fluid content of average diet is typically:
Answer: 1.5-2.5 L/day
The amount of fluid reabsorbed by the colon per day is:
Answer: 1.9 L
Which of the following is secreted by the colon:
Answer: HCO3 and potassium
Fluid absorption in isosmotic in the small intestine similar to that of:
Answer: Proximal Tubule (renal)
Potassium is actively secreted in the colon similar to:
Answer: Distal Tubule
Increase in luminal fluid in the colon would:
Answer: Increase Potassium
The primary ion secreted into the intestinal lumen is:
Answer: None of the above
Diarrhea is the primary cause of dehydration. The type of diarrhea wherein substances are not properly hydrolyzed:
Answer: Osmotic
In secretory diarrhea caused by Vibrio cholera toxin, which ion channel is open?
Answer: Chloride channel
In diarrhea causing HCO3 to be excreted in large amount, another ion is absorbed in exchange:
Answer: Chloride
What is solvent drag:
Answer: Solute movement may be coupled with fluid movement
The component of the ORS and its therapeutic value in the treatment of diarrhea provide excellent demonstration of:
Answer: Water absorption is enhanced with increased concentration of glucose or amino acids
