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2ND SEM PHYSIO > GIT Functions (ppt) - Dr. Nobleza > Flashcards

GIT Functions (ppt) - Dr. Nobleza Flashcards

1
Q

Largest portion of the stomach:

A

Body or corpus

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2
Q

Most anterior part of the stomach:

A

Fundus

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3
Q

The muscles of the stomach are arranged in such a way for ________ and _________.

A

Churning

Peristaltic motion

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4
Q

Consists of a simple columnar epithelium that produces an alkaline carpet of mucus that covers the interior surfaces of the stomach and protects epithelial cells against the acid and enzymes in the gastric lumen.

A

Mucosa

  • Lamina propria
  • Muscularis mucosae
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5
Q

Structures under muscularis externa:

A

Oblique muscle
Circular muscle
Longitudinal muscle

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6
Q

The ______ allow the stomach to have a larger surface area.

A

Folds

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7
Q

Secretions of the stomach secrete ______.

A

2 L/day

*Isotonic with plasma

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8
Q

Made up of basal secretionL

A

Sodium rich (non-parietal cells)

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9
Q

Stimulated secretion:

A

H+ rich (Parietal cells)

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10
Q

Acid secretion
Pepsinogen
Intrinsic factor

A

Corpus

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11
Q

Acid

IF

A

Parietal cells or oxyntic cells

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12
Q

Secrete pepsinogen not acid

A

Chief or peptic cells

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13
Q

If chief or peptic cells reach pH <3 activated to:

A

Pepsins

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14
Q

Mucus secreting cells

A

Chief or peptic cells

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15
Q

Endocrine cells

A

Chief or peptic cells

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16
Q

No parietal cells and no acid secretion

A

Antrum

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17
Q

G cells produce:

A

Gastrin

  • Gastric acid secretion
  • Trophic effect
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18
Q

D cells produce:

A

Somatostatin

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19
Q

Inhibit gastrin release and parietal acid secretion

A

Somatostatin

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20
Q

______ are present throughout the fundus and body, branched, tubular gastric glands.

A

Glands

  • Mucous neck cells
  • Chief cells
  • Parietal cells
  • Stem cells
  • Enteroendocrine cells
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21
Q

Secretes mucus

A

Surface mucous cell and mucous neck cell

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22
Q

Secretes hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor

A

Parietal cell

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23
Q

Secretes pepsinogen and gastric lipase

A

Chief cell

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24
Q

Secretes the hormone gastrin

A

G cell

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25
Q

Also secretes bicarbonate and protects the lining.

A

Mucous neck cell

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26
Q

Large triangular cell, inc mitochondria, intracellular tubulovesicular membrances

A

Parietal cell

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27
Q

Secretes mucus

A

Surface mucus cells

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28
Q

Secretes mucus and pepsinogen

A

Mucus neck cells

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29
Q

Secrete pepsinogen

A

Peptic or chief cells

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30
Q

Secrete HCl intrinsic factor

A

Oxyntic or parietal cell

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31
Q

Secretes hormones

A

Endocrine

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32
Q

Enterochromaffin like cells:

A

Histamine

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33
Q

In BASAL state, the rate of acid secretion is _____.

A

Low

34
Q

Tubolovesicular membrane present in resting nonstimulated parietal cell has __________

A

H-K pump

35
Q

Responsible for acid secretion

A

Pump

36
Q

In basal state, luminal pH of stomach is ______ and the rate of acid secretion is _____.

A

4-6

Low

37
Q

With stimulation the pH of gastric secretion is ______

A

<2

38
Q

Ach, Gastrin, Histamine _______ stimulate acid secretion by acting on different receptors.

A

Directly

39
Q

Ach and gastrin also _____ stimulate by actin on ECL cell.

A

Indirectly

40
Q

Large polypeptide

A

Gastrin

41
Q

More active

Antral G cells

A

G-17

42
Q

Slower degradation

Duodenal G-cells

A

G-34

43
Q

Stimulation of acid secretion by parietal cells

A

Gastrin

44
Q

Release of histamine by ECL cells

A

Gastrin

45
Q

Regulation of mucosal growth (trophic effect) on corpus

SI and LI

A

Gastrin

46
Q

Polypeptide hormone

A

Somatostatin

47
Q

D cells corpus (endocrine) is triggered by _____ and ______ mechanism

A

Neural

Hormonal

48
Q

D cells antrum (paracrine) is stimulated by ____ intraluminal pH

A

Low

49
Q

Delta cells of pancreas and hypothalamus

A

Somatostatin

50
Q

GI predominant form in somatostatin

A

SS-28

51
Q

SS-14

A

Somatostatin

52
Q

Inhibits gastric acid secretion

A

Somatostatin

53
Q

Fat, acid and hyperosmolar solution

A

Enteric hormones

54
Q

Potent inhibitor of gastric acid secretion

A

Enteric hormones

55
Q

Most potent inhibitor

A

Lipid

56
Q

S cells duodenum

A

Secretin

57
Q

Inhibition of release of gastrin from antrum

A

Secretin

58
Q

Stimulation of somatostatin release

A

Secretin

59
Q

Direct down regulation of parietal H release

A

Secretin

60
Q

Triggered by low pH because too much acid may cause duodenal ulcers.

A

S cells

61
Q

Stomach can handle an acidic environment because of its:

A

Gastric diffusion barrier

62
Q

Gastric diffusion barrier is composed of:

A
  1. Apical membrane and epithelial tight junctions
  2. Bicarbonate layer (produces bicarbonate)
  3. Mucuous layer (20-50 micro meter)
63
Q

How come Gastric Acid is still produced by cells that are being covered?

A

Viscous fingering

64
Q

From the time that your HCl acid is released, it passes through 3 barriers (______, _______ and _______) in a straight finger like fashion, eventually extruded out.

A

apical
bicarbonate
mucous

65
Q

Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) DIRECTLY inhibits:

A

Parietal cell acid secretion

66
Q

GIP INDIRECTLY inhibits:

A

Antral gastrin release

67
Q

I cells in duodenum/jejenum release:

A

CCK - Cholecytoskinin

68
Q

The feedback inhibition directly reduces gastric acid secretion by parietal cells

A

CCK

69
Q

Inhibits histamine activation

A

Prostaglandins (PGE2)

70
Q

Common ingredients in the action of enteric hormones

A

G-alpha

71
Q

Acts on IP3 directly, then calcium or through adenylyl cyclase

A

G-alpha

72
Q

Can stimulate or not stimulate the secretion of hormones, depending on the increase or decrease of adenylyl cyclase or calcium

A

G-aplha

73
Q

What can trigger acid secretion?

A
  • Taking medicines like NSAIDS
  • Stress (neural stimulation can increase acid secretion)
  • Alcohol intake
  • H. pylori infection
74
Q

Initiate hydrolysis of ingested proteins in the stomach

A

Pepsins

75
Q

Secreted from base of glands in corpus of stomach

A

Group 1 pepsinogen

76
Q

Chief cells and mucus neck cells of cardia, corpus and antral areas

A

Group 2 pepsinogens

77
Q

Basal secretion of pepsinogen is _____ of maximal secretion after stimulation.

A

20%

78
Q

Fusion of secretory granules with plasma membrane and other secretory granules

A

Compound exocytosis

79
Q

Emptying of liquids

A

Smooth muscle (Proximal part)

80
Q

Emptying of solids

A

Antral smooth muscles

2ND SEM PHYSIO (27 decks)

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