Aging physio (ppt) - Dr. Nobleza Flashcards
1
Q
Only a small portion of older people are care dependent.
A
True
2
Q
Aging population will increase health care costs by as much as double the usual costs middle age groups.
A
False
3
Q
70 is the new 60.
A
False
4
Q
Good health in older age is the absence of disease
A
False
5
Q
Aging is all about the genes
A
False
6
Q
Progressive decline in physiologic function with development of age related diseases
A
Aging
7
Q
Progressive decline in biological functions over time
A
Aging
8
Q
Decreased resistance to various stress plus increase in susceptibility to infectious
A
Aging
9
Q
Process of deteriorating changes during adult life
A
Aging or senescence
10
Q
Decline of biologic functions and of the ability to adapt to metabolic stress
A
Aging or senescence
11
Q
There is physiologic decline
A
Aging
12
Q
It is not a disease
A
Aging
13
Q
There is an increase in prevalence of disease
A
Aging
14
Q
Occurs at different rates
A
Aging
15
Q
Increasing number of population of people in the older age group
A
Aging population
16
Q
Population is AGING when the population of older people in a given population comprise ______.
A
7% or over
17
Q
Those aged 60 years old or over
A
Older people
18
Q
___________ people are 60 years and older worldwide expected to double by 2025 and reach 2 billion by 2050.
A
600 million
19
Q
Most countries have defined old age or elderly as _________.
A
65 years old and above
20
Q
Minimum data set project for aging is 50 years old
A
Africa
21
Q
Indicator of overall health of Philippines
A
Average lifespan of a newborn
22
Q
Increase mobility
A
Physical activity
23
Q
Giants of geriatrics:
A
- Memory loss
- Urinary incontinence
- Depression
- Falls or immobility
24
Q
True or False: Diversity in old age is not random
A
True
25
________ are important but can not provide the care many older people need.
Families
26
________ on the older population is an investment not a cost
Expenditure
27
_____________ age does not help create jobs for the youth.
Mandatory retirement
28
The stereotyping and discrimination against individuals or groups on the basis of their age.
Ageism
29
Adults with negative attitudes towards aging may live ______ less than those with positive attitudes.
7. 5 years
| * Cause: cardiovascular stress, lowered levels of self efficacy and decreased productivity
30
The fastest growing segment of society
Older adults
31
Increasing number of the aging population has a strong __________.
Socio economic impact
32
The aim is to improve the qualitt and quantity of life of the __________.
Older population
33
The brain and aging:
1. Slow reaction time
2. Slow central processing
3. Cognitive decline not marked without dementia
4. Ability to learn is intact
34
In renal function and aging, MICTURITION REFLEX is ________
Delayed
35
Renal function and aging:
1. Gradual decrease after the age of 30 years old
2. Reduce bladder elasticity, tone and capacity
3. Males: enlarged prostate
36
GIT Function and Aging:
1. Decrease gastric acid secretion
2. Decrease gastric motility and delayed gastric emptying
3. Malabsorption: carbohydrates, vitamin B, D, folic acid and calcium
4. Decrease sphincter activity and impaired sensation to defecate
37
Total energy expenditure
Decreases
38
Due to increased insulin resistance
Impaired glucose tolerance
39
Aging and the endocrine system:
Due to increase adiposity
40
Estrogen
Testosterone
Growth hormone
Melatonin
Decrease
41
Women
Menopause
42
Men
Andropause
43
Males between ages _______: about 5% males report loss of sexual activity
45-60 years old
44
Influenced by physchological and social factors
Sexual behavior
45
Hormones that may increase:
Parathyroid hormones
46
Goals of slowing the aging process:
1. Delay aging
2. Slowing the aging process
3. Extend life
47
Maintaining functional ability
Healthy aging
48
Preserving mental and physical ability as you age
Healthy aging
49
Changing our environments (home, communities) to be ____________ to be accessible and supportive of older people and varying needs and capacities.
Elderly friendly
50
Decrease strength and endurance of respiratory muscles: ___________
Type IIa muscles
51
Atelectasis (decrease collagen and elastin support) is __________ in pulmonary function in aging
Increase
52
Impaired ventilation of dependent portions, VQ mismatch and _______ PaO2.
Decrease
53
Study of the physiological and psychological changes seen in old age
Geronotology
54
Refers to the study of health problems and diseases prevalent in old age
Geriatrics
55
Study of the physiological and psychological changes seen in old age
Geronotology
56
Refers to the study of health problems and diseases prevalent in old age
Geriatrics
57
Factors affecting aging:
1. Genetics
2. Physiology
3. Lifestyle
4. Socio-economics
58
Refers to length of time the individual has existed.
Age
59
Age determined by physiology
Biological age
60
Normal transition occuring in life as one ages
Chronological age
61
Associated with reparative and regenerative potential in tissues and organs
Biological age
62
Age in calendar years
Chronological age
63
With no pathology or functional loss
Healthy aging
64
Aging process:
1. Healthy aging: With no pathology or functional loss
2. Aging with disease but without decline in function
3. Aging with disease but with decline in function
65
True or False:
People die longer now compared before.
false
*people LIVE longer now compared before
66
Standard to determine aging
Functional capacity
*Determine HEALTH SPAN rather than life span.
67
Normal course of aging
Primary aging
68
Normal changes in the aging process
Primary aging
69
Susceptibility to disease
Secondary aging
70
Due to loss of body heat
Hippocrates
71
Loss of irritability in muscle and nervous tissue
Darwin
72
Loss of body heat; slowed by good hygiene
Bacon
73
Modern theories of aging:
Programmed theories and Error or damage theories
74
Aging is a result of sequential switching on and off of genes
Programmed longevity
75
Damage or error theories
1. Oxidative stress theory
2. Glycation hypothesis of aging
3. DNA damage theory of aging
76
Cellular and molecular mechanisms of aging:
1. Damage caused by oxidative stress
2. Inadequate repair of damage
3. Dysregulation of cell number
77
Formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can cause potential damage to proteins, lipids and DNA.
Oxidative stress theory
78
Examples of ROS
1. Hydrogen peroxide
2. Hydroxyl radical
3. Superoxide anion radical
79
Most important source of ROS is the ________________.
Mitochondria electron transport chain
80
Eliminate superoxide anion radical but from hydrogen peroxide to OH
Superoxide dismutase
81
Body has natural antioxidants in the form of enzymes which has important protective mechanism:
Superoxide dismutase
Catalse
Glutathione peroxidase
Vitamin C and E
82
Major source of DNA damage
Oxidative stress
83
Long lived proteins susceptible to damage:
Collagen
| Elastin
84
True or false: There is a decline in DNA repair process with advancing age.
True
*Variation in protein turnover
85
The rate of total body protein turnover ________ with age.
Decreases
86
With increasing age fluidity of the membrane decreases: affect barrier function, transport and signaling processes.
Membrane deterioration
87
There is limited cell proliferation (role of telomeres) - Cell division decreases with age.
Hayflick limit
88
Programmed cell death
Apoptosis
89
Acculumation of genetic damage throughout life
Genomic instability
90
Chromosomal region susceptible to age related deterioration leading to premature development of disease
Telomere attrition
91
Affects DNA methylation pattern, post translational modification of histones
Epigenetic alteration
92
Impaired protein homeostasis: chronic expression of folded, misfolded or aggregated proteins
Loss of proteostasis
93
Decrease insulin growth factor I (I1s) signaling; physiologic and accelerated aging); Inc in I1s = longevity
Deregulated nutrient sensing
94
With age, increase electron leakage and reduce ATP generation; increase damage and reduced turnover of mitochondria
Mitochondral dysfunction
95
Levels of P16 iNKA4 linked to chronological age
Cellular senescene
96
Decline in regenerative potentials of tissues
Stem cell exhaustion
97
Inflammaging: accumulation of proinflammatory tissue damage, defective immune system
Altered intercellular communication
98
Peak height for males:
18-19 years old
99
Peak height for females
16-17 years old
100
At 70 years old, height will decrease by _______.
2.5 to 5%
Causes:
Compression of cartilagenous disks
Loss of vertebral bone
101
Body mass - adipose tissue fat mass
Fat free mass
102
Fat free mass - bone + non adipose tissue mass
Lean body mass
103
Accumulation of fat is seen in:
Abdominal viscera
Abdominal subcutaneous tissue
* Adipose tissue fat mass increases with age
* Weight increase until middle age
104
Facial expression through the years is captured by _____.
Time
105
_________ most people bear the typical lines of their expressions.
40 years old
106
In epidermis, thickness ________.
Decreases
*Atrophy - exposed areas
107
In the dermis, the collagen will be ______
Stiff
108
Changes in hair follicles
White or gray hair
109
Exercise in aging:
_______ in VO2 max
_______ in heart rate
_______ stroke volume
Decline
Less increase
Increase
110
Throughout adult life
Bone remodeling
111
Bone loss at the age of ______
30
112
```
Synovial joints and aging:
_______ joint flexibility
_______ of cartilage
_______ in tensile stiffness
_______ fatigue resistance and strength
_______ water content
```
```
Decrease
Thinning
Decrease
Decrease
Decrease
```
113
Motor and sensory transduction and aging:
| __________ proprioception
Decrease
114
High frequency sound
Presbycusis
115
Major cause of disability in elderly
Reduction of muscle strength and power
116
Singest largest cause of death after the age of 65 years old
Aging on the cardiovascular system
117
Bluting of arterial baroreceptor reflex
Postural hypotension
