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2ND SEM PHYSIO > Chap 44-45: Fluid, electrolyte, nutrient + lab evals (with ratio) > Flashcards

Chap 44-45: Fluid, electrolyte, nutrient + lab evals (with ratio) Flashcards

1
Q

Step 3 in Cobalamin absorption

A

Cobalamin binds to haptocorrin

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2
Q

Form of folate that must be deconjugated before being absorbed

A

Dietary folate

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3
Q

Also known as R type binder

A

Haptocorrin

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4
Q

T/F: Secretion of K in the large intestine is an active process

A

False

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5
Q

Patient with Cystic fibrosis have defect in apical chloride channel in epithelial cells. Such patients have major defect in?

a. Small intestinal NaCl and Water secretion
b. Small intestinal NaCl and Water absorption

A

Small intestinal NaCl and Water secretion

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6
Q

Loss of gastric fluid by vomiting leads to metabolic alkalosis, Diarrhea leads to _____ because bicarbonate is _____ in _____

A

Metabolic acidosis; Secreted; Both small and large intestine

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7
Q

Not true regarding epithelial sodium channel

A

Transporters are Cl-HCO3 exchangers

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8
Q

Most important mechanism of Sodium absorption after meals

A

Sodium glucose cotransport (SGLT)

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9
Q

Movement of K in the small intestine is mainly by

A

Solvent drag

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10
Q

Net absorption of fluid and electrolyte during interdigestive state is primarily due to

A

Parallel Na-H and Cl-HCO3 exchangers

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11
Q

Colon is solely responsible for the net secretion of: a. K b. Na c. Cl d. HCO3

A

K+

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12
Q

Transport of solute across the apical membrane may

be coupled to fluid movement by

A

Solvent drag

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13
Q

Which of the following increase fluid secretion

A

Histamine

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14
Q

Which of the following increases sodium absorption in

proximal intestine

A

Alkalinity of the luminal fluid

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15
Q

HCO3 stimulated sodium absorption occurs in

A

Proximal part of Small intestine

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16
Q

Structure NOT found in colon

A

Villi

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17
Q

Largest contribution to the intestinal fluid volume

A

Gastric secretion

Note: Gastric 2L/day

Pancreatic and Salivary 1.5L/day

Small Intestine 1L/day

Bile 0.5L/day

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18
Q

Fluid and electrolyte transport is increased in jejunum

compared to ilium because of the following reason

a. Lower transepithelial voltage
b. Tight junctions are more leaky
c. Higher passive movement of NaCl
d. AOTA

A

All of the above

Lower transepithelial voltage

Tight junctions are more leaky

Higher passive movement of NaCl

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19
Q

Mechanism of micellar transport to enterocyte

a. Collision
b. Nonionic diffusion
c. Carrier mediated transport
d. AOTA

A

AOTA

a. Collision
b. Nonionic diffusion
c. Carrier mediated transport

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20
Q

Pancreatic peptidase in which the activating agent is

enteropeptidase

a. Chymotrypsinogen
b. Proelastase
c. Procarboxypeptidase
d. Trypsinogen

A

Trypsinogen

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21
Q

Compose 30 to 40% of dietary carbohydrates

A

Sucrose and Lactose

45-60% starch (polysaccharide)

30-40% sucrose and lactose (disaccharides)

5-10% fructose and glucose (monosaccharides)

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22
Q

DMT1 absorbs what form of iron

A

Nonheme iron

Note: Heme iron enters by binding to brush-border proteins or through endocytic mechanism

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23
Q

Re-esterification of digested lipids, Step 4

A

Nascent chylomicrons and VLDL arrive at the cis face of Golgi

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24
Q

True about feces

A

Hypertonic (due to bicarbonate and potassium ions)

25
Q

T/F: Excess vitamins and minerals compromises the Immune system

A

True

Ratio:

Vitamin E, an antioxidant, reduces production of superoxide radicals. These radicals are used by WBCs to kill bacteria.

26
Q

Which is true about Cystinuria and Hartnup disease?

a. Hartnup disease - defect inabsorption of Cationic Amino acids
b. Cystinuria - defect in absorption of Neutral Amino acids
c. Both diseases are autosomal DOMINANT
d. Both diseases, absorption of oligopeptides with neutral or cationic amino acids are normal

A

d. Both diseases, absorption of oligopeptides with neutral or cationic amino acids are normal

27
Q

Which of the following of ENaC?

a. Regulated by aldosterone
b. Inhibited by micromolar amiloride concentration
c. AOTA

A

AOTA

28
Q

Mediates efflux of monosaccharides across basolateral membrane in epithelial cells?

A

GLUT2

29
Q

Most important function of Vitamin D in the active uptake of Ca2+

a. Uptake of Ca2+ across apical membrane via TRP6 Ca2+ channel
b. Extrusion of Ca2+ at the basal membrane via Ca pump and Na-Ca exchanger
c. Ca2+ binds to a protein, Calbidin

A

c. Ca2+ binds to a protein, Calbidin

30
Q

Fluid absorption in small intestine

A

6.5L/day

Notes:

Fluid LOAD in the SI is 8.5L/day

SI MAXIMUM fluid absorptive capacity is 15-20L/day

Colon LOAD or ileocecal flow is 2.0 L/day

Colon fluid ABSORPTION is 1.9 L/day

Colon MAXIMUM absorptive capacity is 4-5 L/day

31
Q

Ratio of saturated to unsaturated

A

Increase in animal fat, Decrease in plant fat

32
Q

Mechanism of Sodium absorption

a. Hyperfunctioning DRA
b. Luminal alkalinity
c. AOTA

A

Aota

33
Q

True of emulsification of dietary fat, EXCEPT

a. Decrease area oil-water interface
b. Increase ratio of surface area to volume
c. Reduce size of lipid droplet

A

DECREASE area for oil-water interface

34
Q

The following are found in the core of lipid droplet, EXCEPT

a. Lysolecithin
b. TAG
c. DAG
d. Cholesteryl esters

A

Lysolecithin

35
Q

Which of the following statements is false?

a. Amylopectin contains more branches than glycogen, and is considered as Animal starch
b. Amylose is a straight chain containing a1-4
c. Amylopectin contains a1-4 and a1-6 chains

A

Amylopectin contains more branches than glycogen, and is considered as Animal starch

Ratio: Glycogen has more branches and is the animal starch

36
Q

All of the following are mainly absorbed in the duodenum, EXCEPT

a. Folate
b. Calcium
c. Iron
d. Cobalamin

A

Cobalamin

Ratio: Cobalin bound to Intrinsic Factor is absorbed in the distal ileum

37
Q

Active Calcium absorption occurs at?

a. Duodenum
b. Jejunum
c. Ileum
d. Colon

A

Duodenum

38
Q

Which mechanism for sodium absorption is used by enterocytes?

A. Na-H exchanger

B. Na-Glucose cotransport

C. Na-Cl cotransport

D. AOTA

A

Aota

39
Q

Substrate for amylase

a. Maltose
b. Starch
c. Carbohydrate
d. Maltose and Starch
e. Starch and Carbohydrates

A

Starch and Carbohydrates

40
Q

Which of the following is true of enzymes?

a. Become part of the product
b. Used up in the reaction
c. Slow down the rate of reaction
d. Their activity can be affected by temperature and pH

A

Their activity can be affected by temperature and pH

41
Q

The IKI reagent tests for the presence of?

a. Starch
b. Maltose
c. Glucose
d. Protein

A

Starch

42
Q

Which of the following is/are end product(s) of starch digestion?

a. Amylase
b. Maltose
c. Glucose
d. Amylose and maltose
e. Maltose and glucose

A

Maltose and glucose

43
Q

Hydrolases are enzymes that break down large molecules into smaller subunits through the addition of:

a. Acid
b. Water
c. Salt
d. Base

A

Hydro = Water

44
Q

Which of the following is true of enzymes and substrates?

a. The substrate forms a covalent bond at the active site of the enzyme.
b. The enzyme is acted upon by the substrate.
c. Enzymes are specific about the substrates they act upon.
d. If the product of catalysis is present, the enzyme is not acting on the substrate.

A

Enzymes are specific about the substrates they act upon.

45
Q

Which of the following is/are reducing sugar(s)?

a. Starch
b. Cellulose
c. Maltose
d. Glucose
e. Both glucose and maltose

A

Both glucose and maltose

46
Q

Cellulose and starch are both

a. Found in the cell walls of plants
b. Polymers of glucose
c. Polysaccharides
d. Polymers of glucose and found in the cell walls of plants
e. Polymers of glucose and polysaccharides

A

Polymers of glucose and polysaccharides

Note: Only cellulose is found in plant cell wall

47
Q

Proteins and peptides are formed by joining amino acids with a special type of covalent bond called a peptide bond. Which of the following enzymes do you think would be specific for a peptide bond?

a. Amylase
b. Cellulose
c. Peptidase
d. Lipase

A

Peptidase

48
Q

The Benedict’s assay tests for the presence of

a. Starch
b. Cellulose
c. Reducing sugar
d. Peptides

A

Reducing sugar

49
Q

Where in the body does protein digestion begin?

a. Mouth
b. Stomach
c. Small intestine
d. Esophagus

A

stomach

50
Q

The substrate/s for pepsin is/are

a. Protein
b. Peptide
c. Starch
d. Protein and peptides
e. Protein, peptides and starch

A

protein and peptides

51
Q

Pepsin would be most active in

a. Mouth
b. Stomach
c. Small intestine
d. Mouth and stomach

A

Stomach

Ratio: Activation of pepsinogen to pepsin and optimal pepsin activity occur in the low pH environement of the stomach

52
Q

If pepsin is digesting an actual protein substrate, the product would be:

a. Peptides
b. Amino acids
c. Peptides and amino acids
d. BAPNA

A

Peptides and amino acids

53
Q

With more enzyme activity, the optical density

a. Increased
b. Decreased
c. Stayed the same

A

Increased

54
Q

Which of the following is/are true of bile?

a. It works by a chemical process.
b. It works by a physical process.
c. It is an enzyme.
d. It works by a chemical and physical process.

A

It works by a physical process.

55
Q

When fatty acids are liberated by lipase, the pH

a. Increases
b. Decreases
c. Stays the sam

A

decreases

Ratio: Release of fatty ACID causes low pH

56
Q

One of the products of the chemical digestion of lipids is

a. Bile salts
b. Lipase
c. Monosaccharides
d. Fatty acids

A

Fatty Acids

Note: The others are DAG, MAG or glycerol

57
Q

Spectrophotometer measures

a. Starch
b. Glucose
c. Enzyme activity
d. Optical density

A

Optical Density

58
Q

Substrate of amylase

a. Starch
b. Glucose
c. Maltose
d. Starch and Maltose

A

Starch and Maltose

2ND SEM PHYSIO (27 decks)

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