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NEUR479 > Temporal Lobe Finals > Flashcards

Temporal Lobe Finals Flashcards

1
Q

frontal temporal dementia (FTD)

A

semantic dementia (problems with categorization mainly due to damage to the “what” pathway), caused by atrophy in TE (inferotemporal cortex)

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2
Q

kindling

A

model for the development of seizures and epilepsy in which the duration and behavioural involvement of induced seizures increases after seizures are induced repeatedly

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3
Q

febrile seizures in children

A

caused by high temperature fluctuations

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4
Q

convulsive disorder

A

caused by anxiety or other event that causes seizure

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5
Q

medial temporal region (limbic cortex)

A

amygdala, the hippocampus and surrounding cortex (perirhinal, entorhinal cortex), fusiform gyrus, cortical areas TH and TF, fusiform and inferior temporal gyri

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6
Q

fusiform and inferior temporal gyri are functionally part of:

A

the lateral temporal cortex

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7
Q

cortical areas TH and TF

A

posterior end of the temporal lobe, make up the parahippocampal cortex

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8
Q

temporal-parietal junction (TPJ)

A

at the end of the Sylvian fissure, including the ventral regions of angular and supramarginal gyri (the inferior parietal lobe) and adjacent temporal cortex; central to decision making in a social context

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9
Q

afferent projections of the temporal cortex:

A

sensory systems

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10
Q

efferent projections of the temporal cortex:

A

to the parietal and frontal association regions, limbic system, basal ganglia

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11
Q

neocortex of left and right lobes are connected via:

A

corpus callosum

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12
Q

medial temporal cortex and amygdala are connected via:

A

anterior commissure

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13
Q

what are 5 distinct cortical-cortical connections of the temporal lobe?

A

1) hierarchical sensory pathway subserves stimulus recognition (primary and secondary auditory and visual areas ending in temporal pole)
2) dorsal auditory pathway is concerned with directing movements with respect to auditory info (from auditory cortex to posterior parietal cortex)
3) polymodal pathway probably underlies stimulus categorization (parallel projections from auditory and visual association areas converge into polymodal regions of STS)
4) medial temporal projection crucial to long-term memory (auditory and visual association areas to medial temporal/limbic regions-perirhinal to enterorhinal to hippocampus/amygdala)
5) frontal lobe projection necessary for various aspects of movement control, short-term memory, and affect (parallel projections reach from temporal association areas to frontal lobe, auditory and visual cortex project to different areas in the frontal lobe)

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14
Q

hippocampal projections forms:

A

perforant pathway (long-term memory)

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15
Q

original model of the ventral stream:

A

a hierarchical pathway traveling from the occipital cortex to the temporal lobe

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16
Q

modified model of the ventral stream

A

at least 6 cortical and subcortical pathways:

1) set of subcortical projections from every region of the occipitotemporal pathway extends to neostriatum (caudate nucleus, putamen of basal ganglia)
2) amygdala-bound projections from inferotemporal regions allows processing of emotionally salient info
3) inferotemporal cortex to ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens) to support the assignment of stimulus valence
4) medial temporal pathway - long term memory
5) orbitofrontal pathway - object reward associations
6) ventrolateral prefrontal pathway - object working memory

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17
Q

what are 3 basic sensory functions of the temporal lobe?

A

1) processing auditory input
2) visual object recognition
3) long-term storage of sensory input - memory

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18
Q

ventral stream intrinsic connectivity

A

occipitotemporal pathway

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19
Q

ventral stream extrinsic connectivity

A

occipitotemporal-neostriatal network

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20
Q

sensory process in temporal lobe function

A

identification and categorization of stimuli (object recognition); function of ventral visual pathway, developing object categories crucial to perception and memory; depends on inferotemporal cortex, cross-modal matching (match visual and auditory info, depends on cortex of STS)

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21
Q

affective responses in temporal lobe function

A

emotional response is associated with a particular stimulus, animals with no amygdala lose fear

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22
Q

spatial navigation in temporal lobe function

A

uses hippocampus; contains cells that code for places in space - spatial memory

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23
Q

activation in the STS during:

A

perception of biological motion (direction of eye gaze, head movement, facial expression, mouth movement)

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24
Q

biological motion

A

movements relevant to a species, allows us to guess others’ intentions, social cognition/theory of mind

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25
Q

fMRI study of cortical activity while participants view a film

A

extensive activity in the auditory and visual regions in the temporal lobe, in the STS, and in cingulate region; no intersubject coherence in parietal and frontal regions

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26
Q

findings from Tanaka and colleagues

A
  • cells in area TE (temporal lobe) require complex features for activation (colour, size, orientation, texture)
  • cells with similar selectivity cluster in vertical columns
  • specificity of neurons is altered by experience
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27
Q

inferior occipital gyri

A

early perception of facial features

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28
Q

fusiform face area

A

invariant aspects of faces: perception of unique identity

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29
Q

superior temporal sulcus

A

changeable aspects of faces: perception of eye gaze, expression, and lip movement

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30
Q

anterior temporal cortex

A

personal identity: name and biographical info

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31
Q

amygdala, insula, limbic system

A

emotion

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32
Q

intraparietal sulcus

A

spatially directed attention

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33
Q

auditory cortex

A

prelexical speech perception

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34
Q

speech sounds come from three restricted ranges of frequences:

A

formants (speech sounds vary from one context to another, yet all are perceived as being the same)

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35
Q

right temporal cortex has important role in:

A

processing faces

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36
Q

left temporal cortex has important role in:

A

speech perception

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37
Q

left temporal lobe in music perception:

A

temporal grouping for rhythm

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38
Q

right temporal lobe in music perception:

A

complementary role in meter/temporal regularity or beat, extracts pitch from sound regardless if the sound is speech or music

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39
Q

fundamental-pitch listeners exhibit:

A

leftward asymmetry

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40
Q

spectral-pitch listeners exhibit:

A

rightward asymmetry

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41
Q

improvising/not memorizing/communication activates:

A

language areas as well as right hemisphere homologues, reduced activation in language regions related to semantic processing (angular gyrus & supramarginal gyrus)

42
Q

left temporal lobe function

A

verbal memory, speech processing

43
Q

right temporal lobe function

A

nonverbal memory, musical processing, facial processing

44
Q

verbal/auditory hallucinations activate:

A

primary auditory cortex, Broca’s area, and the speech zone in the posterior temporal cortex

45
Q

activation of limbic regions in schizophrenia produces what symptom?

A

hostile paranoia

46
Q

cortical deafness

A

caused by bilateral damage to auditory cortex, absence of neural activity in the auditory regions

47
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

caused by disturbance of left temporal association cortex; disturbed recognition of words

48
Q

affected rhythm discrimination

A

damage to right posterior superior temporal gyrus

49
Q

affected meter discrimination

A

damage to anterior right or left temporal lobe

50
Q

congenital amusia

A

tone deaf

51
Q

right temporal lobe lesions

A

abnormal face perception and biological motion recognition, impairs recall of visual stimuli in both visual fields

52
Q

damage to left temporal lobe

A

impairs recall of visual stimuli in right visual field, impairment in the ability to categorize words or pictures of objects

53
Q

left posterior temporal lesion

A

difficulty in recognizing specific word categories, but can recognize the broader categorization

54
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

amnesia for events after bilateral removal of the medial temporal lobes

55
Q

inferotemporal cortex damage

A

interferes with conscious recall of info

56
Q

left temporal lobe lesions

A

impaired recall of verbal memory

57
Q

right temporal lesions

A

impaired recall of nonverbal material

58
Q

temporal-lobe personality is associated with lobectomy of:

A

right temporal lobe

59
Q

stimulation of anterior and medial temporal cortex produces feelings of:

A

fear

60
Q

bilateral temporal-lobe damage

A

release of sexual behaviour

61
Q

what are the 3 components of short-term memory?

A

sensory, motor, cognitive

62
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

inability to acquire new memories

63
Q

global anterograde amnesia

A

impairment in the ability to form new memories across a variety of areas

64
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

inability to access old memories

65
Q

time-dependent retrograde amnesia

A

commonly produced by TBI, severity of injury determines how far back in time the amnesia extends

66
Q

what are 3 theories of amnesia?

A

1) system consolidation theory
2) multiple trace theory
3) reconsolidation theory

67
Q

System Consolidation Theory

A

role of the hippocampus is to consolidate memories, making them permanent, hold them for a time, and then send them to be stored elsewhere in the brain

68
Q

Multiple Trace Theory

A

3 kinds of memory (autobiographic, factual semantic, general semantic), each type is dependent on a different brain area, old memories are more resistant to amnesia because they change location in the brain as they are recalled

69
Q

reconsolidation theory

A

memories rarely consist of single trace or neural substrate, each time memory used it is reconsolidated

70
Q

episodic memory

A

autobiographic, person’s recall of singular personal events

71
Q

explicit memory

A

events, facts, and episodic memories, conscious intentional remembering, top-down processing

72
Q

what is the pathway that connects the temporal lobe with the ventral frontal lobe

A

uncinate fasciculus

73
Q

semantic memory

A

does not depend on medial-temporal lobe-ventral-prefrontal-lobe memory system that subserves episodic memory

74
Q

Petri & Mishkin found that temporal-frontal lobe is the neural basis for:

A

explicit memory

75
Q

hippocampal formation consists of:

A

entorhinal cortex, DG (dentate gyrus), subiculum, CA1-CA4 (Ammon’s horn)

76
Q

Ammmon’s horn

A

contains pyramidal cells divided into 4 groups (CA1, CA2, CA3, CA4), motor cells

77
Q

dentate gyrus

A

contains stellate granule cells, “sensory” cells

78
Q

perforant pathway

A

connection between the hippocampus and the posterior temporal cortex

79
Q

fimbria-fornix

A

connects the hippocampus to the thalamus, prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and the hypothalamus

80
Q

damage to the fimbria-fornix pathway

A

produces retrograde and anterograde amnesia

81
Q

what are 4 conclusions from studies of hippocampal patients?

A

1) anterograde deficits are more severe than retrograde
2) episodic memories are more affected than semantic memories
3) autobiographic memory is especially severely affected
4) time “travel” is diminished

82
Q

temporal lobe areas border rhinal fissure (rhinal cortex) which includes the:

A

entorhinal and perirhinal cortex, these areas project to the hippocampus

83
Q

injury to parietal and occipital cortex may produce:

A

colour amnesia, prosopagnosia, object anomia, topographic amnesia

84
Q

left prefrontal cortex

A

more engaged in encoding semantic and episodic information than in retrieving it

85
Q

right prefrontal cortex

A

more engaged in episodic info retrieval than left

86
Q

what neural structures are involved in a proposed circuit for implicit memory

A

basal ganglia, premotor cortex, thalamus, amygdala, substantia nigra, cerebellum

87
Q

cerebellum role in implicit memory

A

plays a role in classical conditioning

88
Q

herpes simplex encephalitis

A

medial-temporal-lobe damage leads to anterograde amnesia; damage to the insula contributes to retrograde amnesia

89
Q

korsakoff’s syndrome

A

caused by a thiamine deficiency resulting from prolonged alcohol intake, damage may be in the medial thalamus, mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus, and frontal lobe atrophy

90
Q

asperger’s syndrome

A

form of autism in which individuals have high intellectual function and excellent memory abilities

91
Q

savant

A

person who has an intellectual disability but also has a special ability in math, memory, or music

92
Q

HSAM

A

highly superior autobiographical memory: incredible memory ability - can completely recall events in their lives

93
Q

verbal hallucinations

A

activate primary auditory cortex, Broca’s area, and the speech zone in the posterior temporal cortex

94
Q

disorders of auditory and speech perception

A
  • cortical deafness
  • auditory hallucinations
  • impaired auditory processing
  • trouble discriminating speech sounds
  • speech disorders (Wernicke’s aphasia)
  • disorders of music perception
95
Q

disorders of visual perception

A

impaired object recognition, complex pattern recognition (perception)
right temporal lobe lesions =impaired face perception and biological motion recognition

96
Q

what is the neural circuit proposed for implicit memory

A

sensory and motor info to rest of neocortex to basal ganglia to ventral thalamus to premotor cortex

97
Q

what is the neural circuit proposed for emotional memory

A

basal ganglia, medial temporal cortex and amygdala have reciprocal connections, amygdala connected with hypothalamus and PAG, which is connected with frontal/parietal/temporal/occipital/cingulate cortices

98
Q

short term memory may be caused by damage to:

A

left posterior temporal lobe, frontal lobe

99
Q

frontal temporal dementia (FTD)

A

semantic dementia (problems with categorization mainly due to damage to the “what” pathway), caused by atrophy in TE

100
Q

HERA (hemispheric encoding and retrieving asymmetry) model

A

L-DLPFC = encoding, R-DLPFC = retrieval, DLPFC to temporal lobe interaction

NEUR479 (16 decks)

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