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NEUR479 > Ch 7, 8, 10 > Flashcards

Ch 7, 8, 10 Flashcards

1
Q

electroencephalograms (EEG)

A

recordings of voltage fluctuations by placing leads from a voltmeter on the skull

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2
Q

generator

A

the part of the neuron’s membrane that produces a given signal

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3
Q

beta rhythm

A

typical of an EEG taken from anywhere on the skull of an alert participant

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4
Q

partial seizure

A

abnormal electrical discharges restricted to only one or a few brain regions,

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5
Q

generalized seizures

A

abnormal electrical discharges occur in widespread regions of the brain

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6
Q

coherence theory

A

aims to relate the brain’s single cell activity and EEG activity to the information processing required for behaviour

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7
Q

event-related potentials

A

brief changes in an EEG signal in response to a discrete sensory stimulus

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8
Q

readiness potentials

A

event-related potentials produced in the motor cortex after stimulus presentation, signals both that the motor cortex is preparing a movement and the part of motor area involved in executing the impending movement

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9
Q

magnetoencephalogram (MEG)

A

measures the micromagnetic field produced by many neurons, records from skull surface

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10
Q

akinesia

A

absence or poverty of movement

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11
Q

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

noninvasive method that allows brain stimulation through the skull

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12
Q

conventional radiography

A

X-rays pass through the skull onto an X-ray sensitive film, X-rays are absorbed more by dense tissues (will appear white)

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13
Q

angiography

A

method for imaging blood vessels

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14
Q

computed tomography (CT scan)

A

passing X-ray through brain at many angles, manipulation using computing and mathematical techniques to create a 3D image

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15
Q

positron emission tomography (PET)

A

study metabolic activity in brain cells, indirectly detects changes in the brain’s blood flow

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16
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

noninvasive method to study brain anatomy and neuron function, uses a large magnet and a specific radiofrequency pulse to generate a brain signal that produces an image

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17
Q

magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)

A

MRI method that varies the radiofrequency used for aligning hydrogen protons to allow imaging of the concentrations of that remaining brain material

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18
Q

diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

A

MRI method that detects the directional movements of water molecules to create virtual images of the brain’s nerve fiber pathways

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19
Q

BOLD contrast

A

blood oxygen level-dependent contrast, provides an index of the brain’s relative activity in fMRI

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20
Q

receptive field

A

a specific part of the world to which every receptive organ and cell responds

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21
Q

rapidly adapting receptors

A

detect whether something is there, easy to activate but stop responding after a very short time

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22
Q

slowly adapting receptors

A

react to stimulation more slowly but adapt more slowly

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23
Q

exteroceptive

A

receptors that respond to external stimuli

24
Q

interoceptive

A

receptors that respond to our own activity

25
Q

optic flow

A

stimulus configuration where visual stimuli can appear to stream past (e.g. when you are running)

26
Q

auditory flow

A

changes in sound intensity that takes place because of your changing location (e.g. when you move past a sound source)

27
Q

two-point sensitivity

A

the ability to recognize the presence of two pencil points on your your body that are close together, sensitivity is highest on the parts of the body having the most touch receptors

28
Q

fovea

A

a small area of the retina in which colour photoreceptors are concentrated

29
Q

periaqueductal gray matter (PAG)

A

nuclei present in the midbrain that surround the cerebral aqueduct prompt many complex responses to pain stimuli

30
Q

topographic organization

A

neural-spatial representation of the body or of areas of the sensory world a sensory organ detects

31
Q

visual ataxia

A

inability to recognize where objects are located

32
Q

tonotopic representation

A

different points on the basilar membrane represent different sound frequencies, also applies to the auditory cortex

33
Q

nociception (noxious perception)

A

the perception of pain, temperature, and itch

34
Q

hapsis

A

tactile perception of objects, enable fine touch and pressure, allows us to identify objects we touch and grasp

35
Q

proprioception

A

the perception of body location and movement

36
Q

low decerebrate

A

if hindbrain and spinal cord remain connected after an injury but both are disconnected from the rest of the brain

37
Q

narcolepsy

A

an illness where people collapse uncontrollably into active sleep (REM)

38
Q

high decerebration

A

intact midbrain but lacking higher-center functioning

39
Q

voluntary movements

A

movements that take an animal from one place to another (present at the subcortical level of the midbrain)

40
Q

automatic movements

A

units of stereotyped behaviour linked in a sequence

41
Q

diencephalic

A

lacks the basal ganglia and cerebral hemispheres

42
Q

decortication

A

removal of the neocortex, leaves the basal ganglia and brainstem intact

43
Q

spiny neurons

A

dendritic spines present on nerve cell

44
Q

aspiny neuron

A

dendritic spines absent from nerve cell

45
Q

pyramidal cells

A

spiny neurons with pyramidal cell bodies, have long axons that generally send info from one cortical region to another region of the CNS

46
Q

stellate cells

A

spiny cells, small star-shaped interneurons whose processes remain within the region of the brain where the cell body is located

47
Q

specific afferents

A

bring info (e.g. sensory info) to an area of the cortex and terminate in relatively discrete cortical regions, usually in only one or two layers (most of these projections terminate in layer IV)

48
Q

nonspecific afferents

A

serve general functions (e.g. maintain a level of activity or arousal so that the cortex can process info) and terminate diffusely over large regions of the cortex

49
Q

columns/modules

A

neocortical organization characterized by a vertical bias

50
Q

cognition

A

knowledge and thought

51
Q

multimodal cortex/polymodal cortex

A

areas that function in more than one sensory modality, function to combine characteristics of stimuli across different sensory modalities

52
Q

paralimbic cortex

A

plays a role in forming long-term memories, comprises roughly 3 layers adjacent and directly connected to the limbic structures

53
Q

perirhinal cortex/entorhinal cortex/parahippocampal cortex

A

paralimbic cortex on the medial surface of the temporal lobe

54
Q

cingulate cortex

A

paralimbic cortex located just above the corpus callosum

55
Q

subcortical loops

A

reciprocal cortical-subcortical connections that form feedback loops

56
Q

binding problem

A

how the brain ties single and varied sensory and motor events together into a unified perception or behaviour

57
Q

theory of mind (social cognition)

A

the capacity to understand another’s mental state and to take it into account

NEUR479 (16 decks)

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