Ch 7, 8, 10

Question 1

electroencephalograms (EEG)

Answer 1

recordings of voltage fluctuations by placing leads from a voltmeter on the skull

Question 2

generator

Answer 2

the part of the neuron’s membrane that produces a given signal

Question 3

beta rhythm

Answer 3

typical of an EEG taken from anywhere on the skull of an alert participant

Question 4

partial seizure

Answer 4

abnormal electrical discharges restricted to only one or a few brain regions,

Question 5

generalized seizures

Answer 5

abnormal electrical discharges occur in widespread regions of the brain

Question 6

coherence theory

Answer 6

aims to relate the brain’s single cell activity and EEG activity to the information processing required for behaviour

Question 7

event-related potentials

Answer 7

brief changes in an EEG signal in response to a discrete sensory stimulus

Question 8

readiness potentials

Answer 8

event-related potentials produced in the motor cortex after stimulus presentation, signals both that the motor cortex is preparing a movement and the part of motor area involved in executing the impending movement

Question 9

magnetoencephalogram (MEG)

Answer 9

measures the micromagnetic field produced by many neurons, records from skull surface

Question 10

akinesia

Answer 10

absence or poverty of movement

Question 11

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Answer 11

noninvasive method that allows brain stimulation through the skull

Question 12

conventional radiography

Answer 12

X-rays pass through the skull onto an X-ray sensitive film, X-rays are absorbed more by dense tissues (will appear white)

Question 13

angiography

Answer 13

method for imaging blood vessels

Question 14

computed tomography (CT scan)

Answer 14

passing X-ray through brain at many angles, manipulation using computing and mathematical techniques to create a 3D image

Question 15

positron emission tomography (PET)

Answer 15

study metabolic activity in brain cells, indirectly detects changes in the brain’s blood flow

Question 16

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer 16

noninvasive method to study brain anatomy and neuron function, uses a large magnet and a specific radiofrequency pulse to generate a brain signal that produces an image

Question 17

magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)

Answer 17

MRI method that varies the radiofrequency used for aligning hydrogen protons to allow imaging of the concentrations of that remaining brain material

Question 18

diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

Answer 18

MRI method that detects the directional movements of water molecules to create virtual images of the brain’s nerve fiber pathways

Question 19

BOLD contrast

Answer 19

blood oxygen level-dependent contrast, provides an index of the brain’s relative activity in fMRI

Question 20

receptive field

Answer 20

a specific part of the world to which every receptive organ and cell responds

Question 21

rapidly adapting receptors

Answer 21

detect whether something is there, easy to activate but stop responding after a very short time

Question 22

slowly adapting receptors

Answer 22

react to stimulation more slowly but adapt more slowly

Question 23

exteroceptive

Answer 23

receptors that respond to external stimuli

Question 24

interoceptive

Answer 24

receptors that respond to our own activity

Question 25

optic flow

Answer 25

stimulus configuration where visual stimuli can appear to stream past (e.g. when you are running)

Question 26

auditory flow

Answer 26

changes in sound intensity that takes place because of your changing location (e.g. when you move past a sound source)

Question 27

two-point sensitivity

Answer 27

the ability to recognize the presence of two pencil points on your your body that are close together, sensitivity is highest on the parts of the body having the most touch receptors

Question 28

fovea

Answer 28

a small area of the retina in which colour photoreceptors are concentrated

Question 29

periaqueductal gray matter (PAG)

Answer 29

nuclei present in the midbrain that surround the cerebral aqueduct prompt many complex responses to pain stimuli

Question 30

topographic organization

Answer 30

neural-spatial representation of the body or of areas of the sensory world a sensory organ detects

Question 31

visual ataxia

Answer 31

inability to recognize where objects are located

Question 32

tonotopic representation

Answer 32

different points on the basilar membrane represent different sound frequencies, also applies to the auditory cortex

Question 33

nociception (noxious perception)

Answer 33

the perception of pain, temperature, and itch

Question 34

hapsis

Answer 34

tactile perception of objects, enable fine touch and pressure, allows us to identify objects we touch and grasp

Question 35

proprioception

Answer 35

the perception of body location and movement

Question 36

low decerebrate

Answer 36

if hindbrain and spinal cord remain connected after an injury but both are disconnected from the rest of the brain

Question 37

narcolepsy

Answer 37

an illness where people collapse uncontrollably into active sleep (REM)

Question 38

high decerebration

Answer 38

intact midbrain but lacking higher-center functioning

Question 39

voluntary movements

Answer 39

movements that take an animal from one place to another (present at the subcortical level of the midbrain)

Question 40

automatic movements

Answer 40

units of stereotyped behaviour linked in a sequence

Question 41

diencephalic

Answer 41

lacks the basal ganglia and cerebral hemispheres

Question 42

decortication

Answer 42

removal of the neocortex, leaves the basal ganglia and brainstem intact

Question 43

spiny neurons

Answer 43

dendritic spines present on nerve cell

Question 44

aspiny neuron

Answer 44

dendritic spines absent from nerve cell

Question 45

pyramidal cells

Answer 45

spiny neurons with pyramidal cell bodies, have long axons that generally send info from one cortical region to another region of the CNS

Question 46

stellate cells

Answer 46

spiny cells, small star-shaped interneurons whose processes remain within the region of the brain where the cell body is located

Question 47

specific afferents

Answer 47

bring info (e.g. sensory info) to an area of the cortex and terminate in relatively discrete cortical regions, usually in only one or two layers (most of these projections terminate in layer IV)

Question 48

nonspecific afferents

Answer 48

serve general functions (e.g. maintain a level of activity or arousal so that the cortex can process info) and terminate diffusely over large regions of the cortex

Question 49

columns/modules

Answer 49

neocortical organization characterized by a vertical bias

Question 50

cognition

Answer 50

knowledge and thought

Question 51

multimodal cortex/polymodal cortex

Answer 51

areas that function in more than one sensory modality, function to combine characteristics of stimuli across different sensory modalities

Question 52

paralimbic cortex

Answer 52

plays a role in forming long-term memories, comprises roughly 3 layers adjacent and directly connected to the limbic structures

Question 53

perirhinal cortex/entorhinal cortex/parahippocampal cortex

Answer 53

paralimbic cortex on the medial surface of the temporal lobe

Question 54

cingulate cortex

Answer 54

paralimbic cortex located just above the corpus callosum

Question 55

subcortical loops

Answer 55

reciprocal cortical-subcortical connections that form feedback loops

Question 56

binding problem

Answer 56

how the brain ties single and varied sensory and motor events together into a unified perception or behaviour

Question 57

theory of mind (social cognition)

Answer 57

the capacity to understand another's mental state and to take it into account