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NEUR479 > Ch 15, 16, 20 > Flashcards

Ch 15, 16, 20 Flashcards

1
Q

inferotemporal cortex

A

ventral visual stream region on the lateral temporal lobe

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2
Q

insula

A

tissue within the lateral sylvian fissure, includes the gustatory and auditory cortex

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3
Q

temporal-parietal junction

A

region at the end of the Sylvian fissure, including the ventral regions of the angular and supramarginal gyri and adjacent temporal cortex

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4
Q

perforant pathway

A

auditory/visual association areas to medial temporal/limbic to perirhinal cortex to entorhinal cortex to hippocampus

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5
Q

neostriatum

A

comprises the caudate nucleus and putamen of the basal ganglia

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6
Q

cross-modal matching

A

the process of matching visual and auditory info, likely depends on the cortex of the STS

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7
Q

social cognition

A

a theory of mind that allows us to develop hypotheses about other people’s intentions

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8
Q

prosody

A

tone of voice

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9
Q

amusia

A

tone deaf, abnormal neural networks for music

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10
Q

what are the 3 different components of music?

A
  1. loudness (intensity of sound measured in decibels)
  2. timbre (the distinctive character of a sound)
  3. pitch (the position of a sound in a muscle scale, related to frequency, contributes to “tone” of voice/prosody)
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11
Q

Heschl’s gyrus

A

primary auditory cortex/area 41

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12
Q

what is a standardized clinical neuropsychological test for temporal-lobe damage to assess auditory processing capacity?

A

dichotic words and melodies

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13
Q

what is a standardized clinical neuropsychological test for temporal-lobe damage to asses visual processing capacity?

A

visual object and space perception battery

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14
Q

what is a standardized clinical neuropsychological test for temporal-lobe damage to assess verbal memory?

A

revised Wechsler memory scale IV

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15
Q

what is a standardized clinical neuropsychological test for temporal-lobe damage to assess nonverbal memory

A

Rey Complex Figure

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16
Q

what is a standardized clinical neuropsychological test for temporal-lobe damage to assess language

A

Token

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17
Q

what are the 3 regions of the prefrontal cortex in primates?

A
  1. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (makes reciprocal connections with the posterior parietal areas and the superior temporal sulcus)
  2. orbitofrontal cortex (gains input from all sensory modalities, projects subcortically to the amygdala and hypothalamus)
  3. ventromedial prefrontal cortex (receives cortical connections from the DLPFC, posterior cingulate cortex, and medial temporal cortex, connects subcortically with the amygdala, hypothalamus, and PAG in brainstem)
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18
Q

default network

A

links a set of far-flung brain regions active in participants who are resting rather than engaging in specific cognitive tasks (also active during directed tasks)

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19
Q

salience network

A

observed in correlated activity among the anterior cingulate cortex, supplementary motor cortex, and anterior insular cortex. most active when a behavioural change is needed and operates to modulate other networks’ activities

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20
Q

temporal memory

A

a neural record of recent events and their order

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21
Q

autonoetic awareness

A

self-knowledge or awareness of one’s self

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22
Q

what are the four components of movement selection (in prefrontal cortex control)?

A
  1. internal cues
  2. external cues
  3. context cues
  4. autonoetic awareness
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23
Q

corollary discharge/reafference

A

neural signal generated when you move your eyes indicating movement will happen, allows the world to “remain still”

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24
Q

convergent thinking

A

one correct answer to each question

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25
Q

divergent thinking

A

type of intelligence test that emphasizes the number and variety of responses to a single question

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26
Q

agrammatism

A

impaired use of appropriate grammar

27
Q

what are four features of frontal-lobe damage that can be observed on a word-fluency test?

A
  1. low output
  2. rule breaking
  3. shaky script
  4. perseveration
28
Q

delayed-response test

A

delay between stimuli presentation and acting on stimulus

29
Q

recency memory

A

remembrance of the order in which things happened

30
Q

pseudodepression/pseudopsychopathy

A

exhibit outward symptoms of depression/psychopathy due to brain lesions often in the OFC or DLPFC

31
Q

what is a standardized clinical neuropsychological test for frontal-lobe damage to assess response inhibition?

A

Sisconsin card sorting, Stroop

32
Q

what is a standardized clinical neuropsychological test for frontal-lobe damage to assess verbal fluency?

A

Thurstone Word Fluency

33
Q

what is a standardized clinical neuropsychological test for frontal-lobe damage to assess nonverbal fluency?

A

design fluency

34
Q

what is a standardized clinical neuropsychological test for frontal-lobe damage to assess motor function?

A

hand dynamometry, finger tapping, sequencing

35
Q

what is a standardized clinical neuropsychological test for frontal-lobe damage to assess language comprehension?

A

Token, spelling, phonetic discrimination

36
Q

what is a standardized clinical neuropsychological test for frontal-lobe damage to assess working (temporal) memory?

A

self-ordering

37
Q

what is a standardized clinical neuropsychological test for frontal-lobe damage to assess planning?

A

Tower of London

38
Q

fluid intelligence

A

the ability to see abstract relationships and draw logical inferences

39
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

the ability to retain and use knowledge acquired through prior learning and experience

40
Q

Korsakoff’s syndrome

A

a metabolic disorder of the CNS often associated with chronic alcoholism (alcohol-induced damage to the dorsomedial thalamus and may have a deficiency in catecholamines in the frontal cortex)

41
Q

what are the 4 behavioural components of emotion?

A
  1. psychophysiology (physiological components)
  2. distinctive motor behaviour (facial expression, tone of voice, posture)
  3. self-reported cognition (subjective emotional feelings)
  4. unconscious behaviour (cognitive processes of which we are not aware that influence behaviour)
42
Q

unconscious inference

A

processes outside awareness and learned by experience whereby observers use knowledge to perceive and make decisions

43
Q

emotion

A

the cognitive interpretation of subjective feelings

44
Q

affect

A

inferred behavioural state (internal and subjective)

45
Q

what are behaviours attributed to temporal-lobe epileptics?

A
  • altered sexual interest
  • anger and aggression
  • emotionality
  • guilt
  • hypermoralism
  • obsessiveness
  • humorlessness, sobriety
  • hypergraphia
  • paranoia
  • religiosity
  • sadness
  • viscosity
46
Q

aprosodia

A

absence of tone in speech, generally caused by RH lesions

47
Q

social neuroscience

A

seeks to understand how the brain mediates social interactions

48
Q

what are 6 behavioural changes associated with emotional processes after frontal lesions?

A
  1. reduced social interaction
  2. loss of social dominance
  3. inappropriate social interaction
  4. altered social preference
  5. reduced affect
  6. reduced vocalization
49
Q

what are 4 social-related brain networks? (implicated in social behaviour)

A
  1. amygdala network
  2. mentalizing network
  3. empathy network
  4. mirror/stimulation/action-perception network
50
Q

amygdala network

A
  • includes OFC, temporal cortex, amygdala

- functions range from triggering emotional responses to detecting socially relevant stimuli

51
Q

mentalizing network

A
  • includes the STS, anterior temporal cortex
  • functions related to thinking about the internal states of others
  • mechanism for understanding other’s actions
52
Q

empathy network

A
  • includes the insula, cingulate cortex

- activated when individuals empathize with others, can attribute intentions to others

53
Q

mirror/stimulation/action-perception network

A
  • includes the mirror neuron systems of the parietal and premotor cortex
  • activated when observing the actions of others
  • thought to be involved in developing our concept of self
54
Q

temporal lobe damage: disturbance of auditory sensation

A

primary auditory cortex (superior temporal gyrus)

55
Q

temporal lobe damage: disturbance of visual- and auditory-input selection

56
Q

temporal lobe damage: disorders of visual perception

A

TE, STS, amygdala

57
Q

temporal lobe damage: disorders of auditory perception

A

primary auditory cortex (superior temporal gyrus)

58
Q

temporal lobe damage: disorders of music perception

A

superior temporal gyrus

59
Q

temporal lobe damage: impaired organization and categorization of material

60
Q

temporal lobe damage: poor contextual use

61
Q

temporal lobe damage: disturbance of language comprehension

A

auditory cortex

62
Q

temporal lobe damage: poor long-term memory

A

TE, TF, TH (parahippocampal cortex-posterior end of temporal lobe, ventral)

63
Q

temporal lobe damage: changes in personality and affect

A

TE, amygdala

64
Q

temporal lobe damage: changes in sexual activity

NEUR479 (16 decks)

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