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NEUR479 > Ch 15, 16, 20 > Flashcards

Ch 15, 16, 20 Flashcards

1
Q

inferotemporal cortex

A

ventral visual stream region on the lateral temporal lobe

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2
Q

insula

A

tissue within the lateral sylvian fissure, includes the gustatory and auditory cortex

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3
Q

temporal-parietal junction

A

region at the end of the Sylvian fissure, including the ventral regions of the angular and supramarginal gyri and adjacent temporal cortex

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4
Q

perforant pathway

A

auditory/visual association areas to medial temporal/limbic to perirhinal cortex to entorhinal cortex to hippocampus

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5
Q

neostriatum

A

comprises the caudate nucleus and putamen of the basal ganglia

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6
Q

cross-modal matching

A

the process of matching visual and auditory info, likely depends on the cortex of the STS

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7
Q

social cognition

A

a theory of mind that allows us to develop hypotheses about other people’s intentions

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8
Q

prosody

A

tone of voice

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9
Q

amusia

A

tone deaf, abnormal neural networks for music

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10
Q

what are the 3 different components of music?

A
  1. loudness (intensity of sound measured in decibels)
  2. timbre (the distinctive character of a sound)
  3. pitch (the position of a sound in a muscle scale, related to frequency, contributes to “tone” of voice/prosody)
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11
Q

Heschl’s gyrus

A

primary auditory cortex/area 41

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12
Q

what is a standardized clinical neuropsychological test for temporal-lobe damage to assess auditory processing capacity?

A

dichotic words and melodies

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13
Q

what is a standardized clinical neuropsychological test for temporal-lobe damage to asses visual processing capacity?

A

visual object and space perception battery

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14
Q

what is a standardized clinical neuropsychological test for temporal-lobe damage to assess verbal memory?

A

revised Wechsler memory scale IV

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15
Q

what is a standardized clinical neuropsychological test for temporal-lobe damage to assess nonverbal memory

A

Rey Complex Figure

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16
Q

what is a standardized clinical neuropsychological test for temporal-lobe damage to assess language

A

Token

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17
Q

what are the 3 regions of the prefrontal cortex in primates?

A
  1. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (makes reciprocal connections with the posterior parietal areas and the superior temporal sulcus)
  2. orbitofrontal cortex (gains input from all sensory modalities, projects subcortically to the amygdala and hypothalamus)
  3. ventromedial prefrontal cortex (receives cortical connections from the DLPFC, posterior cingulate cortex, and medial temporal cortex, connects subcortically with the amygdala, hypothalamus, and PAG in brainstem)
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18
Q

default network

A

links a set of far-flung brain regions active in participants who are resting rather than engaging in specific cognitive tasks (also active during directed tasks)

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19
Q

salience network

A

observed in correlated activity among the anterior cingulate cortex, supplementary motor cortex, and anterior insular cortex. most active when a behavioural change is needed and operates to modulate other networks’ activities

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20
Q

temporal memory

A

a neural record of recent events and their order

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21
Q

autonoetic awareness

A

self-knowledge or awareness of one’s self

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22
Q

what are the four components of movement selection (in prefrontal cortex control)?

A
  1. internal cues
  2. external cues
  3. context cues
  4. autonoetic awareness
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23
Q

corollary discharge/reafference

A

neural signal generated when you move your eyes indicating movement will happen, allows the world to “remain still”

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24
Q

convergent thinking

A

one correct answer to each question

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25
divergent thinking
type of intelligence test that emphasizes the number and variety of responses to a single question
26
agrammatism
impaired use of appropriate grammar
27
what are four features of frontal-lobe damage that can be observed on a word-fluency test?
1. low output 2. rule breaking 3. shaky script 4. perseveration
28
delayed-response test
delay between stimuli presentation and acting on stimulus
29
recency memory
remembrance of the order in which things happened
30
pseudodepression/pseudopsychopathy
exhibit outward symptoms of depression/psychopathy due to brain lesions often in the OFC or DLPFC
31
what is a standardized clinical neuropsychological test for frontal-lobe damage to assess response inhibition?
Sisconsin card sorting, Stroop
32
what is a standardized clinical neuropsychological test for frontal-lobe damage to assess verbal fluency?
Thurstone Word Fluency
33
what is a standardized clinical neuropsychological test for frontal-lobe damage to assess nonverbal fluency?
design fluency
34
what is a standardized clinical neuropsychological test for frontal-lobe damage to assess motor function?
hand dynamometry, finger tapping, sequencing
35
what is a standardized clinical neuropsychological test for frontal-lobe damage to assess language comprehension?
Token, spelling, phonetic discrimination
36
what is a standardized clinical neuropsychological test for frontal-lobe damage to assess working (temporal) memory?
self-ordering
37
what is a standardized clinical neuropsychological test for frontal-lobe damage to assess planning?
Tower of London
38
fluid intelligence
the ability to see abstract relationships and draw logical inferences
39
crystallized intelligence
the ability to retain and use knowledge acquired through prior learning and experience
40
Korsakoff's syndrome
a metabolic disorder of the CNS often associated with chronic alcoholism (alcohol-induced damage to the dorsomedial thalamus and may have a deficiency in catecholamines in the frontal cortex)
41
what are the 4 behavioural components of emotion?
1. psychophysiology (physiological components) 2. distinctive motor behaviour (facial expression, tone of voice, posture) 3. self-reported cognition (subjective emotional feelings) 4. unconscious behaviour (cognitive processes of which we are not aware that influence behaviour)
42
unconscious inference
processes outside awareness and learned by experience whereby observers use knowledge to perceive and make decisions
43
emotion
the cognitive interpretation of subjective feelings
44
affect
inferred behavioural state (internal and subjective)
45
what are behaviours attributed to temporal-lobe epileptics?
- altered sexual interest - anger and aggression - emotionality - guilt - hypermoralism - obsessiveness - humorlessness, sobriety - hypergraphia - paranoia - religiosity - sadness - viscosity
46
aprosodia
absence of tone in speech, generally caused by RH lesions
47
social neuroscience
seeks to understand how the brain mediates social interactions
48
what are 6 behavioural changes associated with emotional processes after frontal lesions?
1. reduced social interaction 2. loss of social dominance 3. inappropriate social interaction 4. altered social preference 5. reduced affect 6. reduced vocalization
49
what are 4 social-related brain networks? (implicated in social behaviour)
1. amygdala network 2. mentalizing network 3. empathy network 4. mirror/stimulation/action-perception network
50
amygdala network
- includes OFC, temporal cortex, amygdala | - functions range from triggering emotional responses to detecting socially relevant stimuli
51
mentalizing network
- includes the STS, anterior temporal cortex - functions related to thinking about the internal states of others - mechanism for understanding other's actions
52
empathy network
- includes the insula, cingulate cortex | - activated when individuals empathize with others, can attribute intentions to others
53
mirror/stimulation/action-perception network
- includes the mirror neuron systems of the parietal and premotor cortex - activated when observing the actions of others - thought to be involved in developing our concept of self
54
temporal lobe damage: disturbance of auditory sensation
primary auditory cortex (superior temporal gyrus)
55
temporal lobe damage: disturbance of visual- and auditory-input selection
TE, STS
56
temporal lobe damage: disorders of visual perception
TE, STS, amygdala
57
temporal lobe damage: disorders of auditory perception
primary auditory cortex (superior temporal gyrus)
58
temporal lobe damage: disorders of music perception
superior temporal gyrus
59
temporal lobe damage: impaired organization and categorization of material
TE, STS
60
temporal lobe damage: poor contextual use
TE
61
temporal lobe damage: disturbance of language comprehension
auditory cortex
62
temporal lobe damage: poor long-term memory
TE, TF, TH (parahippocampal cortex-posterior end of temporal lobe, ventral)
63
temporal lobe damage: changes in personality and affect
TE, amygdala
64
temporal lobe damage: changes in sexual activity
amygdala

NEUR479 (16 decks)

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