Emotion and the Brain

Question 1

affect

Answer 1

a conscious subjective feeling about a stimulus, independent of where or what it is (internal and subjective): inferred behavioural state

Question 2

emotion

Answer 2

a cognitive interpretation of subjective feelings (affect)

Question 3

ATP-III

Answer 3

attention process training, computerized cognitive training program, attention and mindfulness strategies taught can be generalized to other tasks

Question 4

acceptance commitment therapy (ACT)

Answer 4

the operationalized version of mindfulness

Question 5

interpersonal circumplex

Answer 5

dominance vs. submission on y-axis, warm vs. cold on x-axis

Question 6

OCT treatment

Answer 6

exposure with response prevention treatment (exposure to anxious trigger, do not respond to trigger)

Question 7

unconscious interference

Answer 7

processes outside of awareness, used by neuropsychologists to refer to nonconscious brain processes

Question 8

Papez theorized that the basis of emotion resided in:

Answer 8

the limbic lobe; limbic structures act on the hypothalamus to produce emotional states

Question 9

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

Answer 9

results from bilateral removal of the amygdala and inferior temporal cortex in animals

Question 10

what are the 6 basic emotions that are universally recognized?

Answer 10

anger, fear, disgust, surprise, happiness, sadness

Question 11

amygdala

Answer 11

input from all sensory systems, multimodal cells, sensitive to threatening or dangerous stimuli

Question 12

somatic marker hypothesis

Answer 12

when confronted with a stimulus of biological importance, the brain and body change: reductions in body reactions lead to reduced intensity of emotion

Question 13

cognitive-emotional interactions

Answer 13

emotion enhances survival and is interrelated with cognition, e.g. fear conditioning, circuits in the amygdala interact with cortical circuits to influence affective behaviour

Question 14

emotional stimulus to sensory thalamus to emotional circuit which involves:

Answer 14

cortex, amygdala, hippocampal formation

Question 15

amygdala to pituitary

Answer 15

release stress hormones

Question 16

amygdala to brainstem

Answer 16

activate ANS, evoke emotional behaviour, suppress pain

Question 17

amygdala to basal forebrain

Answer 17

stimulate arousal or attention

Question 18

right hemisphere role in emotion

Answer 18

engaged in automatic components of emotion: generates feelings

Question 19

left hemisphere role in emotion

Answer 19

engaged in cognitive control of emotion: interprets feelings

Question 20

left hemisphere lesion

Answer 20

flattened mood

Question 21

anterior lesions

Answer 21

reduce facial expressions

Question 22

left frontal lesions

Answer 22

decrease talking (right frontal lobe lesions increase talking)

Question 23

right hemisphere lesions

Answer 23

aprosodia, impaired comprehension and judgment of emotion

Question 24

right frontal lobe lesions

Answer 24

impairments in understanding and using humour

Question 25

right frontal lobe and temporal lobe lesions

Answer 25

impairments on facial expression tests

Question 26

interpretation of emotional behaviour in neurological patients: judgment of mood in others

Answer 26

right hemisphere lesions impair comprehension, right temporal lobe lesions impair perception of intonation

Question 27

interpretation of emotional behaviour in neurological patients: judgment of propositional affect

Answer 27

left-hemisphere lesions impair comprehension

Question 28

interpretation of emotional behaviour in neurological patients: comprehension of verbal humor

Answer 28

right-hemisphere lesions alter appreciation

Question 29

interpretation of emotional behaviour in neurological patients: matching emotional expressions

Answer 29

right hemisphere lesions impair performance, left hemisphere lesions impair performance

Question 30

interpretation of emotional behaviour in neurological patients: judgment of emotional expressions

Answer 30

bilateral amygdala lesions impair perception of negative expressions

Question 31

right temporal lobe patients

Answer 31

obsessive

Question 32

left temporal lobe patients

Answer 32

personal destiny

Question 33

behaviours attributed to temporal-lobe epileptics

Answer 33

- altered sexual interest - anger and aggression - emotionality - guilt - hypermoralism - obessiveness - humorlessness, sobriety - hypergraphia - paranoia - religiosity - sadness - viscosity

Question 34

social neuroscience

Answer 34

seeks to understand how the brain mediates social interactions

Question 35

behavioural changes after frontal lesions in monkeys:

Answer 35

- reduced social interaction - loss of social dominance - inappropriate social interaction - altered social preference - reduced affect - reduced vocalization

Question 36

bilateral damage to the VMPFC

Answer 36

impairments of social conduct, decision making and emotion processing

Question 37

when assessing empathy for pain, which brain structure demonstrates increased activity?

Answer 37

insula

Question 38

lesions in TPJ and anterior cingulate cortex

Answer 38

social change

Question 39

right frontoparietal network

Answer 39

recognition of our own face (generation of the self)

Question 40

cortical midline network

Answer 40

monitor psychological states in others and self (generation of the self)

Question 41

re-appraisal of self-emotions (cognitive processes can change emotional responses):

Answer 41

activation of the prefrontal and cingulate cortex

Question 42

dharma

Answer 42

an innate set of empirically testable rules that govern and describe the generation of the inward, first person experiences of suffering and happiness in human beings

Question 43

mechanisms of mindfulness

Answer 43

- attention regulation - body awareness - emotion regulation (reappraisal; exposure, extinction, reconsolidation) - change in perspective on the self

Question 44

neural correlates of focusing attention and information flow within working memory:

Answer 44

superior parietal lobule (focusing attention), DLPFC (attention maintenance), anterior cingulate cortex (conflict-monitoring inhibitory processes)

Question 45

structural changes: DTI and mindfulness changes:

Answer 45

increased cortical thickness in right anterior insula, right and middle superior frontal sulci, left superior temporal gyrus; axial diffusivity, radial diffusivity in anterior cingulate cortex

Question 46

default network

Answer 46

medial prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate (mind wandering, relatively deactivated across meditation types in experienced meditators): more coupling of posterior cingulate, dorsal anterior cingulate, and DLPFC at baseline and during meditation in experienced meditators

Question 47

experienced meditators demonstrate higher scores on neuropsychological tests:

Answer 47

- selective attention - Stroop/conflict monitoring - attention switching - attentional blink - change blindness - working memory - memory specificity/no memory - COWAT

Question 48

improvements in meditation:

Answer 48

- selective attention - executive attention - attention switching - other attention abilities - working memory (digit span) - memory - executive function

Question 49

the core of ACT is psychological flexibility:

Answer 49

- contact with the present moment - values - committed action - self as context - defusion - acceptance