Frontal Lobes Final

Question 1

Delis-Kaplan Executive Function Test

Answer 1

tests planning ability

Question 2

Wisconsin-Card sorting task

Answer 2

mental flexibility

Question 3

primary motor cortex (M1), area 4 in the brain

Answer 3

elementary movements, controls movement force and direction, cells project to subcortical motor structures (basal ganglia, red nucleus, spinal cord)

Question 4

premotor cortex (areas 6, 8, 44=Broca’s area)

Answer 4

immediately anterior to M1, can influence movement directly through corticospinal projections or indirectly through projections to M1, frontal eye fields, receives input from the dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus and mesolimbic dopamine cells in the tegmentum

Question 5

frontal eye fields

Answer 5

receive input from posterior parietal region PG & superior colliculus

Question 6

the premotor cortex can be divided into:

Answer 6

dorsal premotor cortex (PMd), ventral premotor cortex (PMv), inferior frontal gyrus (Broca’s area)

Question 7

dorsal premotor cortex (PMd)

Answer 7

chooses movement from a movement lexicon, receives projections from parietal regions PE & PF, receives projections from DLPFC

Question 8

ventral premotor cortex (PMv)

Answer 8

contains mirror neurons, receives projections from parietal regions PE and PF and DLPFC

Question 9

inferior frontal gyrus

Answer 9

Broca’s area

Question 10

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Answer 10

reciprocal connections with the posterior parietal areas and the STS, connections with regions to which posterior parietal also projects (cingulate cortex, basal ganglia, superior colliculus)

Question 11

orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)

Answer 11

gains input from all sensory modalities, main afferents project from temporal lobe including auditory regions of STG, STS, and visual regions of inferotemporal cortex & from subcortical amygdala), inputs to amygdala, S2, gustatory cortex in insula, and olfactory regions of the pyriform cortex, projects subcortically to amygdala and hypothalamus

Question 12

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Answer 12

receives cortical connections from the DLPFC, posterior cingulate cortex, and medial temporal cortex; connects subcortically with amygdala, hypothalamus, and also PAG in brainstem, links with emotional behaviour bodywide

Question 13

anterior cingulate cortex

Answer 13

von economo neurons present, bidirectional connections with motor/premotor/ prefrontal cortex/insula

Question 14

motor cortex

Answer 14

projects to spinal motor neurons, cranial nerves that control the face, basal ganglia, red nucleus

Question 15

premotor cortex

Answer 15

projections to the spinal cord and projections to the motor cortex

Question 16

default network

Answer 16

active while participants are resting, thinking about one’s past, future, or when the mind wanders

Question 17

salience network

Answer 17

most active when a behavioural change is needed, operates to modulate other networks’ activities

Question 18

working memory is best associated with

Answer 18

DLPFC

Question 19

social behaviour based on contextual cues is best associated with:

Answer 19

orbitofrontal areas

Question 20

executive function (response inhibition and planning) is best associated with:

Answer 20

prefrontal cortex

Question 21

area 11

Answer 21

processes new visual info, increased activity when learning new visual info, has connections with ventral visual stream

Question 22

area 13

Answer 22

responds to affective qualities, increased activity towards unpleasant auditory stimuli, connections with amygdala and hypothalamus

Question 23

damage to primary motor cortex

Answer 23

loss of ability for fine movements, speed, and strength

Question 24

damage to premotor cortex

Answer 24

deficit in movement programming

Question 25

right or left frontal damage

Answer 25

deficit in copying a series of facial movements, can reproduce movements but out of order

Question 26

damage to frontal eye fields

Answer 26

changes in voluntary gaze

Question 27

corollary discharge or reafference

Answer 27

internal neural signal must produce both the movement and a signal that movement will occur (world does not move when you have saccadic movements), disrupted by frontal lobe damage

Question 28

damage to Broca's area

Answer 28

impairment in use of verbs and correct grammar; agrammatism

Question 29

damage to the supplementary motor cortex

Answer 29

mute forever if bilateral, but only few weeks if unilateral

Question 30

orbitofrontal lesions can produce a loss of behavioural spontaneity:

Answer 30

decreased verbal fluency and loss of spontaneous speech (low output, rule breaking, shaking script, perseveration), decreased design fluency

Question 31

perseveration

Answer 31

loss of inhibition in responses, frontal lobe injury patients have difficulty using environmental cues as feedback to regulate or change their behaviour

Question 32

impaired performance on Wisconsin Card Sorting Task

Answer 32

LH DLPFC lesion, other PFC lesions in either hemisphere will produce attenuated deficits

Question 33

recency memory

Answer 33

tests memory for the order in which things have occurred, impaired in frontal-lobe patients

Question 34

psuedodepression

Answer 34

appears after lesions of the left frontal lobe, outward apathy, indifference, loss of initiative, reduced sexual interest, little or no verbal output

Question 35

pseudopsychopathy

Answer 35

appears after lesions of the right frontal lobe, immature behaviour, lack of tact and restraint, promiscuous sexual behaviour, coarse language, lack of social graces, increased motor activity

Question 36

DLPFC damage impairs short-term memory for:

Answer 36

the location of events, impairs selections of behaviour with respect to location

Question 37

standardized clinical neuropsychologist test for frontal lobe damage: response inhibition

Answer 37

Wisconsin Card Sorting, Stroop

Question 38

standardized clinical neuropsychologist test for frontal lobe damage: verbal fluency

Answer 38

Thurstone Word Fluency

Question 39

standardized clinical neuropsychologist test for frontal lobe damage: nonverbal fluency

Answer 39

design fluency

Question 40

standardized clinical neuropsychologist test for frontal lobe damage: motor

Answer 40

hand dynamometry, finger tapping, sequency

Question 41

standardized clinical neuropsychologist test for frontal lobe damage: language comprehension

Answer 41

Token, spelling, phonetic discrimination

Question 42

standardized clinical neuropsychologist test for frontal lobe damage: working/temporal memory

Answer 42

self-ordering

Question 43

standardized clinical neuropsychologist test for frontal lobe damage: planning

Answer 43

Tower of London

Question 44

Gotman-Milner Design-Fluency test

Answer 44

most sensitive to right frontal injury

Question 45

Tower of Hanoi & Tower of London

Answer 45

test planning function, damage to either the left or the right prefrontal cortex impairs performance

Question 46

Token test

Answer 46

screening for aphasia (Broca's area)

Question 47

spelling and phonetic differentiation

Answer 47

patients with left facial-area lesions perform most poorly

Question 48

self-ordering task

Answer 48

good test for temporal memory

Question 49

tests of motor function

Answer 49

strength - hand dynamometry, motor sequencing

Question 50

fluid intelligence

Answer 50

linked to activation in both DLPFC and mPFC, and posterior parietal cortex

Question 51

schizophrenia

Answer 51

abnormality in the mesocortical dopaminergic projection that terminates in frontal lobe, decrease in blood flow to the frontal lobes and frontal lobe atrophy, poor performance in all frontal-lobe tasks but normal in parietal-lobe tasks

Question 52

Parkinson's Disease

Answer 52

loss of DA cells in the substantia nigra that indirectly project to the prefrontal cortex through caudate's projection, impaired on Wisconsin Card-Sorting Test and at delayed-response tasks

Question 53

Korsakoff's syndrome

Answer 53

alcohol-induced damage to the dorsomedial thalamus; deficiency in frontal lobe catecholamines, poor performance on Wisconsin Card-Sorting test and at delayed response

Question 54

drug addiction

Answer 54

impulsive/compulsive behaviour or perseveration, impairments in orbitofrontal blood flow during acute withdrawal, addictive drugs change the structure of neurons in both the OF and mPF regions in rats

Question 55

chronic stress alters prefrontal neurons

Answer 55

affects temporal memory and goal-directed behaviours,

Question 56

chronic stress in male rats

Answer 56

reduces synaptic space in medial PFC neurons but increases space in OFC

Question 57

chronic stress in female rats

Answer 57

increases synaptic space in mPFC

Question 58

prodromal

Answer 58

showing signs of psychosis without manifesting the disease itself

Question 59

hypofrontality

Answer 59

less inhibition, thinking more outside the box