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NEUR479 > Frontal Lobes Final > Flashcards

Frontal Lobes Final Flashcards

1
Q

Delis-Kaplan Executive Function Test

A

tests planning ability

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2
Q

Wisconsin-Card sorting task

A

mental flexibility

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3
Q

primary motor cortex (M1), area 4 in the brain

A

elementary movements, controls movement force and direction, cells project to subcortical motor structures (basal ganglia, red nucleus, spinal cord)

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4
Q

premotor cortex (areas 6, 8, 44=Broca’s area)

A

immediately anterior to M1, can influence movement directly through corticospinal projections or indirectly through projections to M1, frontal eye fields, receives input from the dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus and mesolimbic dopamine cells in the tegmentum

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5
Q

frontal eye fields

A

receive input from posterior parietal region PG & superior colliculus

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6
Q

the premotor cortex can be divided into:

A

dorsal premotor cortex (PMd), ventral premotor cortex (PMv), inferior frontal gyrus (Broca’s area)

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7
Q

dorsal premotor cortex (PMd)

A

chooses movement from a movement lexicon, receives projections from parietal regions PE & PF, receives projections from DLPFC

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8
Q

ventral premotor cortex (PMv)

A

contains mirror neurons, receives projections from parietal regions PE and PF and DLPFC

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9
Q

inferior frontal gyrus

A

Broca’s area

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10
Q

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

A

reciprocal connections with the posterior parietal areas and the STS, connections with regions to which posterior parietal also projects (cingulate cortex, basal ganglia, superior colliculus)

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11
Q

orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)

A

gains input from all sensory modalities, main afferents project from temporal lobe including auditory regions of STG, STS, and visual regions of inferotemporal cortex & from subcortical amygdala), inputs to amygdala, S2, gustatory cortex in insula, and olfactory regions of the pyriform cortex, projects subcortically to amygdala and hypothalamus

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12
Q

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

A

receives cortical connections from the DLPFC, posterior cingulate cortex, and medial temporal cortex; connects subcortically with amygdala, hypothalamus, and also PAG in brainstem, links with emotional behaviour bodywide

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13
Q

anterior cingulate cortex

A

von economo neurons present, bidirectional connections with motor/premotor/ prefrontal cortex/insula

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14
Q

motor cortex

A

projects to spinal motor neurons, cranial nerves that control the face, basal ganglia, red nucleus

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15
Q

premotor cortex

A

projections to the spinal cord and projections to the motor cortex

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16
Q

default network

A

active while participants are resting, thinking about one’s past, future, or when the mind wanders

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17
Q

salience network

A

most active when a behavioural change is needed, operates to modulate other networks’ activities

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18
Q

working memory is best associated with

A

DLPFC

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19
Q

social behaviour based on contextual cues is best associated with:

A

orbitofrontal areas

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20
Q

executive function (response inhibition and planning) is best associated with:

A

prefrontal cortex

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21
Q

area 11

A

processes new visual info, increased activity when learning new visual info, has connections with ventral visual stream

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22
Q

area 13

A

responds to affective qualities, increased activity towards unpleasant auditory stimuli, connections with amygdala and hypothalamus

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23
Q

damage to primary motor cortex

A

loss of ability for fine movements, speed, and strength

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24
Q

damage to premotor cortex

A

deficit in movement programming

25
Q

right or left frontal damage

A

deficit in copying a series of facial movements, can reproduce movements but out of order

26
Q

damage to frontal eye fields

A

changes in voluntary gaze

27
Q

corollary discharge or reafference

A

internal neural signal must produce both the movement and a signal that movement will occur (world does not move when you have saccadic movements), disrupted by frontal lobe damage

28
Q

damage to Broca’s area

A

impairment in use of verbs and correct grammar; agrammatism

29
Q

damage to the supplementary motor cortex

A

mute forever if bilateral, but only few weeks if unilateral

30
Q

orbitofrontal lesions can produce a loss of behavioural spontaneity:

A

decreased verbal fluency and loss of spontaneous speech (low output, rule breaking, shaking script, perseveration), decreased design fluency

31
Q

perseveration

A

loss of inhibition in responses, frontal lobe injury patients have difficulty using environmental cues as feedback to regulate or change their behaviour

32
Q

impaired performance on Wisconsin Card Sorting Task

A

LH DLPFC lesion, other PFC lesions in either hemisphere will produce attenuated deficits

33
Q

recency memory

A

tests memory for the order in which things have occurred, impaired in frontal-lobe patients

34
Q

psuedodepression

A

appears after lesions of the left frontal lobe, outward apathy, indifference, loss of initiative, reduced sexual interest, little or no verbal output

35
Q

pseudopsychopathy

A

appears after lesions of the right frontal lobe, immature behaviour, lack of tact and restraint, promiscuous sexual behaviour, coarse language, lack of social graces, increased motor activity

36
Q

DLPFC damage impairs short-term memory for:

A

the location of events, impairs selections of behaviour with respect to location

37
Q

standardized clinical neuropsychologist test for frontal lobe damage: response inhibition

A

Wisconsin Card Sorting, Stroop

38
Q

standardized clinical neuropsychologist test for frontal lobe damage: verbal fluency

A

Thurstone Word Fluency

39
Q

standardized clinical neuropsychologist test for frontal lobe damage: nonverbal fluency

A

design fluency

40
Q

standardized clinical neuropsychologist test for frontal lobe damage: motor

A

hand dynamometry, finger tapping, sequency

41
Q

standardized clinical neuropsychologist test for frontal lobe damage: language comprehension

A

Token, spelling, phonetic discrimination

42
Q

standardized clinical neuropsychologist test for frontal lobe damage: working/temporal memory

A

self-ordering

43
Q

standardized clinical neuropsychologist test for frontal lobe damage: planning

A

Tower of London

44
Q

Gotman-Milner Design-Fluency test

A

most sensitive to right frontal injury

45
Q

Tower of Hanoi & Tower of London

A

test planning function, damage to either the left or the right prefrontal cortex impairs performance

46
Q

Token test

A

screening for aphasia (Broca’s area)

47
Q

spelling and phonetic differentiation

A

patients with left facial-area lesions perform most poorly

48
Q

self-ordering task

A

good test for temporal memory

49
Q

tests of motor function

A

strength - hand dynamometry, motor sequencing

50
Q

fluid intelligence

A

linked to activation in both DLPFC and mPFC, and posterior parietal cortex

51
Q

schizophrenia

A

abnormality in the mesocortical dopaminergic projection that terminates in frontal lobe, decrease in blood flow to the frontal lobes and frontal lobe atrophy, poor performance in all frontal-lobe tasks but normal in parietal-lobe tasks

52
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

loss of DA cells in the substantia nigra that indirectly project to the prefrontal cortex through caudate’s projection, impaired on Wisconsin Card-Sorting Test and at delayed-response tasks

53
Q

Korsakoff’s syndrome

A

alcohol-induced damage to the dorsomedial thalamus; deficiency in frontal lobe catecholamines, poor performance on Wisconsin Card-Sorting test and at delayed response

54
Q

drug addiction

A

impulsive/compulsive behaviour or perseveration, impairments in orbitofrontal blood flow during acute withdrawal, addictive drugs change the structure of neurons in both the OF and mPF regions in rats

55
Q

chronic stress alters prefrontal neurons

A

affects temporal memory and goal-directed behaviours,

56
Q

chronic stress in male rats

A

reduces synaptic space in medial PFC neurons but increases space in OFC

57
Q

chronic stress in female rats

A

increases synaptic space in mPFC

58
Q

prodromal

A

showing signs of psychosis without manifesting the disease itself

59
Q

hypofrontality

A

less inhibition, thinking more outside the box

NEUR479 (16 decks)

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