Chapter 3, 4, 5

Question 1

nulei

Answer 1

clusters of neurons that have specific functions in mediating behaviour (in the CNS)

Question 2

tracts

Answer 2

fiber pathways that allow long-distance connections between cells in the CNS

Question 3

structures that lie on the same side of the brain are:

Answer 3

ipsilateral

Question 4

structures that lie on opposite sides of the brain are:

Answer 4

contralateral to each other

Question 5

if one structures lies in each hemisphere, the structures are:

Answer 5

bilateral

Question 6

structures close to one another are:

Answer 6

proximal

Question 7

structures that are far from one another are:

Answer 7

distal

Question 8

movement toward a brain structure is:

Answer 8

afferent

Question 9

movement away from a brain structure is:

Answer 9

efferent

Question 10

what are 4 ways that the brain and spinal cord are supported and protected from injury and infection?

Answer 10

1. bone
2. meninges
3. CSF cushions brain and spinal cord from shock and sudden pressure changes
4. blood-brain barrier

Question 11

hydrocephalus

Answer 11

congenital condition if outflow of CSF in channels is blocked, results in severe impairments and event death from CSF pressure buildup

Question 12

anterior cerebral artery

Answer 12

irrigates the medial and dorsal parts of the cortex

Question 13

middle cerebral artery

Answer 13

irrigates the lateral surface of the cortex

Question 14

posterior cerebral artery

Answer 14

irrigates the ventral and posterior surfaces

Question 15

neural stem cell

Answer 15

self-renewing multipotential stem cells that can give rise to the different types of neurons and glia in the nervous system, extensive capacity for self-renewal

Question 16

progenitor cells

Answer 16

migrate and can act as precursor cells, developed from stem cells, give rise to blasts

Question 17

blasts

Answer 17

nondividing primitive nervous system cell types (neruoblasts and glioblasts, determines if cell will become neural or glial type), will develop and differentiate into specialized cells

Question 18

sensory receptor

Answer 18

a cell that transduces sensory info into nervous system activity

Question 19

what are 5 types of glial cells?

Answer 19

ependymal cells, astrocyte, microglial cell, oligodendroglial cell, Schwann cell

Question 20

reticular matter

Answer 20

contains a mixture of cell bodies and axons from which it acquires its mottled gray and white, or net-like appearance

Question 21

ganglia

Answer 21

clusters of cell bodies in the ganglia

Question 22

nerves

Answer 22

fibers and fiber pathways that enter and leave the CNS (not in CNS)

Question 23

posterior root

Answer 23

strand of afferent fibers that enter the posterior spinal cord to bring info in from the body’s sensory receptors

Question 24

anterior root

Answer 24

strand of spinal efferent nerve fibers that exit the anterior spinal cord to carry info from the spinal cord out to the muscles

Question 25

Bell-Magendie law

Answer 25

the principle that the dorsal/posterior roots in the spinal cord are sensory and the ventral/anterior roots are motor

Question 26

reflexes

Answer 26

specific movements elicited by specific forms of sensory stimulation

Question 27

referred pain

Answer 27

pain that originates in internal organs but is perceived as coming from the outer parts of the dermatome

Question 28

projection map

Answer 28

shows locations on the cortex that process various types of sensory info and those that produce movement

Question 29

primary areas

Answer 29

receive projections from the major sensory systems or send motor projections to the muscles

Question 30

secondary areas

Answer 30

adjacent and interconnected to primary areas, involved in elaborating info received from primary areas (or sending command to primary motor area)

Question 31

tertiary areas/association cortex

Answer 31

not specialized for sensory or motor function, mediate complex activities such as language, planning, memory, and attention

Question 32

homotopic

Answer 32

points that correspond to each other in the brain’s opposite hemisphere

Question 33

decussations

Answer 33

crossings between hemispheres

Question 34

dendritic spines

Answer 34

small protrusions on dendrites that greatly increase the cell’s surface area

Question 35

axon collaterals

Answer 35

branches of axon that emerge from it at right angles

Question 36

teleodendria

Answer 36

smaller branches formed by axon collaterals divisions before contacting the dendrites of another neuron

Question 37

axon hillock

Answer 37

a distinctive enlargement that extends from the soma and forms the beginning of the neuron’s axon

Question 38

graded potentials

Answer 38

slight decreases or increases in an axon’s membrane voltage, localized and restricted to the vicinity on the axon where they are produced

Question 39

depolarization

Answer 39

a decrease in the voltage on the membrane

Question 40

hyperpolarization

Answer 40

an increase in the voltage on the membrane

Question 41

action potential

Answer 41

a brief but extremely large reversal in the polarity of the axon’s membrane

Question 42

threshold potential

Answer 42

at this potential, the membrane charge undergoes a remarkable change with no further stimulation

Question 43

what are 4 points that outline the process of neurotransmission?

Answer 43

1. synthesis
2. release
3. receptor action
4. inactivation

Question 44

what are 4 criteria for identifying a neurotransmitter?

Answer 44

1. the chemical must be synthesized in the neuron or otherwise be present in it
2. when the neuron is active, the chemical must be released and produce a response in some target cell
3. the same receptor (receptor action) must be obtained when the chemical is experimentally placed on the target
4. a mechanism must exist for deactivating or removing the chemical from its site of action after its work is done

Question 45

degenerative Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 45

begins with minor forgetfulness and progresses to major memory dysfunction, later develops into generalized dementia (loss of cholinergic neurons)

Question 46

schizophrenia

Answer 46

delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, blunted emotion, agitation/immobility (excessive mesolimbic DA activity)