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NEUR479 > Lectures > Flashcards

Lectures Flashcards

1
Q

neural tube

A

rolled up sheet of cells that will form the brain and spinal cord, begins developing 3 weeks after conception

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2
Q

what are the 7 stages of brain development?

A
  1. cell birth (neurogenesis; gliogenesis)
  2. cell migration
  3. cell differentiation
  4. cell maturation (dendrite and axon growth)
  5. synaptogenesis (formation of synapses)
  6. cell death and synaptic pruning
  7. myelogenesis (formation of myelin)
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3
Q

neural stem cells

A

grow out of the neural tube, have capacity for self-renewal, produce progenitor cells that produce neuroblasts and glioblasts

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4
Q

subventricular zone (in adult)

A

lined with neural stem cells

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5
Q

radial glial cells

A

extend from the subventricular zone to cortical surface, neurons migrate by traveling along “roads” of these cells

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6
Q

Babinsky reflex

A

if bottom of the foot is stroked, big toe moves upwards toward top surface of foot while other toes fan out, absence of this reflex demonstrates spinal cord damage or still developing (young baby)

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7
Q

what are the 5 phases of synapse formation?

A

1/2: take place in embryonic life and generated independently of experience

3: rapid growth
4: plateau and rapid elimination through puberty
5: plateau in middle age, then steady decline with age

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8
Q

experience expectant

A

development depends on the presence of sensory experiences, phases 3 and 4

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9
Q

experience dependent

A

generation of synapses that are unique to the individual, phases 3-5

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10
Q

what are Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?

A
  1. sensorimotor (object permanence)
  2. preoperational (can represent things with words and drawings)
  3. concrete operations (can understand conservation, perform math)
  4. formal operations (abstract reasoning)
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11
Q

nonmatching-to-sample task

A

assesses temporal lobe function, children can solve around 18 months of age

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12
Q

concurrent discrimination task

A

assesses basal ganglia function, children can solve around 12 months of age

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13
Q

brain development is regulated by:

A

anticipatory programs (genetic programme yielding a common template) and adaptive processes (experience dependent changes in genetic program or developmental processes)

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14
Q

double dissociation

A

two areas of the cortex are functionally dissociated by two behavioural tests, each test is affected by a lesion in one zone but not in the other

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15
Q

commissurotomy

A

surgical procedure that severs the corpus callosum so seizures do not spread to homologous regions, two hemispheres can no longer communicate (split brains)

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16
Q

The Wada Test

A

sodium amobarbital injected to produce a period of anesthesia in one hemisphere in order to unequivocally localize speech before elective surgery (conduct CLVIII and RCFT to determine where language is localized)

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17
Q

preferred cognitive mode

A

preference of one thought process over another

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18
Q

cognitive set

A

tendency to approach a problem with a bias, can affect tests of lateralization

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19
Q

formants

A

group sound waves specific to each vowel, modify emitted sound, act as a bandpass filter for sounds produced by vocal cords

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20
Q

what are 4 core language skills?

A

categorization, labeling categories, sequencing behaviour, mimicry

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21
Q

categorization

A

designates certain qualities to specific concepts, makes it easier to perceive info and retrieve it later when needed

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22
Q

labeling categories

A

attaches words to different concepts, categorization system can stimulate word forms about that concept, words can also cause the brain to evoke concepts

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23
Q

sequencing behaviour

A

LH helps order vocal movements used in speech, can also sequence face, body, and arm/hand movements used to produce nonverbal language

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24
Q

mimicry

A

fosters language development, infants prefer to listen to speech, can make sounds used in all languages, mirror neurons in the frontal cortex help children mimic sounds they hear

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25
Q

Pooh-Pooh theory

A

Animal Vocalization theory (continuity theory): language evolved from noises associated with strong emotion

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26
Q

Bow-Wow Theory

A

Animal Vocalization theory (continuity theory): language evolved from noises made to imitate natural sounds

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27
Q

Yo-He-Ho Theory

A

Animal Vocalization theory (continuity theory): language evolved from noises made to resonate with natural sounds

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28
Q

Sing-Song Theory

A

Animal Vocalization theory (continuity theory): language evolved from noises made while playing or dancing

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29
Q

Cocktail party effect

A

we can “hear” speech better in a noisy environment if we see the speaker’s lips

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30
Q

McGurk Effect

A

when we see and hear conflicting syllables, we hear the syllable that we heard

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31
Q

Dual Language pathway

A

Dorsal language pathway (phonemes), Ventral language pathway (semantics)

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32
Q

Broca’s area contains:

A

a region for phonological processing and a region for semantic processing

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33
Q

anarthia

A

incoordination of mouth

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34
Q

fluent aphasia

A

impairment in input or reception of language (Wernicke’s aphasia/sensory aphasia, transcortical aphasia/isolation syndrome, conduction aphasia, anomic aphasia/amnesic aphasia)

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35
Q

transcortical aphasia/isolation syndrome

A

can repeat and understand words, and name objects, cannot speak spontaneously, cannot comprehend words even though they can repeat them

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36
Q

conduction aphasia

A

can speak, name objects, and understand speech but cannot repeat words

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37
Q

anomic aphasia/amnesic aphasia

A

can comprehend speech, produce meaningful speech, and can repeat speech, great difficulty naming objects

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38
Q

nonfluent aphasias

A

Broca’s aphasia/expressive aphasia, transcortical motor aphasia, global aphasias

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39
Q

Transcortical motor aphasia

A

good repetition, poor spontaneous production

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40
Q

global aphasias

A

laboured speech, poor comprehension

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41
Q

pure aphasias

A

alexia, agraphia, word deafness (cannot hear or repeat words)

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42
Q

apraxia of speech

A

damage to the insula

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43
Q

deficits in sentence comprehension

A

damage to the superior temporal gyrus

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44
Q

repetion of speech

A

damage to the arcuate fasciculus

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45
Q

working memory and articulation impairment

A

Broca’s area damage

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46
Q

lack of speech comprehension and other core difficulties with language (fluent aphasia)

A

damage to the medial temporal lobe and underlying white matter, damage to temporal cortex contributes to deficits in holding sentences in memory until can be repeated

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47
Q

basal ganglia

A

important for speech articulation

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48
Q

thalamus

A

influences language by activating the cortex, damage is associated with variety of speech and language disturbances

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49
Q

what do aphasia test batteries examine?

A

auditory and visual comprehension, oral and written expression, conversational speech

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50
Q

phonemes are stored in:

A

angular gyrus/supramarginal gyrus, provides input to Wernicke’s (dual language pathway)

51
Q

staining of area V1 with cytochrome oxidase produces:

A

cytochrome-rich areas = blobs (colour perception) and low cytochrome = interblob (form and motion perception)

52
Q

staining of area V2 with cytochrome oxidase produces:

A

stripes: thin stripe (colour perception), thick stripe (form), pale stripe (motion)

53
Q

what are the 3 visual pathways?

A

dorsal stream: output to parietal lobe, ventral stream: output to the inferior temporal lobe, STS stream: multimodal output to the superior temporal sulcus (STS)

54
Q

dorsal visual stream

A

visual guidance of movements for grasping, some neurons may take part in converting visual info into coordinates for action

55
Q

ventral visual stream

A

IT (inferior temporal cortex): object perception, STS (superior temporal cortex): visuospatial functions

56
Q

responsive to colour and form (visual pathway):

A

blob areas of V1 to V4

57
Q

detection of movement:

A

V1 to V2 to V5

58
Q

detection of dynamic form (shape of objects in motion)

A

V1 to V2 to V3

59
Q

V4 damage

A

loss of colour cognition (cannot see, imagine, or recall colour)

60
Q

V5 damage

A

erases the ability to perceive objects in motion; can only see objects at rest

61
Q

V1 damage

A

cortically blind

62
Q

lateral occipital

A

ventral stream region; object analysis

63
Q

fusiform face area

A

ventral stream region; face analysis

64
Q

extrastriate body area

A

ventral stream region; body analysis

65
Q

fusiform body area

A

ventral stream region; body analysis

66
Q

superior temporal sulcus

A

ventral stream region; analysis of biological motion

67
Q

superior temporal sulcus (posterior)

A

ventral stream region; moving-body analysis

68
Q

parahippocampal place area

A

ventral stream region; analysis of landmarks

69
Q

lateral intraparietal sulcus

A

dorsal stream region; voluntary eye movement

70
Q

anterior intraparietal sulcus

A

dorsal stream region; object-directed grasping

71
Q

ventral intraparietal sulcus

A

dorsal stream region; visuomotor guidance

72
Q

parietal reach region

A

dorsal stream region; visually guided reach

73
Q

intraparietal sulcus

A

dorsal stream region; object-directed action

74
Q

vision for action

A

required to direct specific movements (e.g. grasping), must be sensitive to target’s movement, a function of parietal visual areas in dorsal stream

75
Q

action for vision

A

top-down processing to focus on specific features, visual scanning involves many eye movements, selective focus (focus on eyes and mouths in the left visual field)

76
Q

visual recognition

A

object recognition, specialized areas in temporal lobe for biologically significant info such as faces, hands, objects, and places

77
Q

visual space

A

parietal and temporal lobes, spatial location (egocentric space; vision for action, allocentric space; visual recognition)

78
Q

visual attention

A

selective attention for specific aspects of visual input, parietal lobes: independent mechanisms for guiding movements, temporal lobes: independent mechanisms for object recognition

79
Q

STS stream

A

characterized by polysensory neurons, interaction between the dorsal and ventral streams, an elaboration of ventral stream (provides perceptual representation of biological motion)

80
Q

monocular blindness

A

loss of sight in one eye, results from destruction of the retina or optic nerve in that eye

81
Q

bitemporal hemianopia

A

loss of vision from both temporal fields, results from lesion to the optic chiasm severing crossing fibers

82
Q

nasal hemianopia

A

loss of vision of one nasal field, results from a lesion of the lateral chiasm

83
Q

homonymous hemianopia

A

blindness of one entire visual field, results from a complete cut of the optic tract/lateral geniculate body/or area V1

84
Q

macular sparing

A

sparing of the central or macular region of the visual field, differentiates between lesions of the optic tract or thalamus from cortical lesions because macular sparing happens only after (usually large) unilateral lesions to the visual cortex

85
Q

quadrantanopia or hemianopia

A

complete loss of vision in one-qurter or in one-half of the fovea, respectively, results from a lesion to the occipital lobe

86
Q

scotomas

A

small blind spots in visual field, results from small lesions to the occipital lobe

87
Q

nystagmus

A

constant involuntary eye movements, fills in field so blind spots not noted

88
Q

blindsight

A

perceiving location without being able to perceive content

89
Q

apperceptive agnosia

A

failure in object recognition but basic visual functions (acuity, colour, motion) preserved (e.g. simultagnosia), results from gross bilateral damage to the lateral parts of the occipital lobes

90
Q

associative agnosia

A

inability to recognize an object despite its apparent perception, can copy a drawing accurately but cannot identify it, results from lesions higher in the processing hierarchy, such as the anterior temporal lobe

91
Q

akintopsia

A

can’t see movement, damage to V5 (temporal lobe), superior temporal sulcus

92
Q

prosopagnosia

A

deficit in facial recognition, damage to fusiform gyrus (temporal lobe structure)

93
Q

postcentral gyrus corresponds to Bordmann’s area:

A

1, 2, 3

94
Q

superior parietal lobule corresponds to Bordmann’s area:

A

5, 7

95
Q

parietal operculum corresponds to Bordmann’s area:

A

43

96
Q

supramarginal gyrus corresponds to Bordmann’s area:

A

40

97
Q

angular gyrus corresponds to Bordmann’s area:

A

39

98
Q

inferior parietal lobule consists of:

A

supramarginal gyrus and angular gyrus

99
Q

anterior zone of parietal lobe:

A

area 1, 2, 3, 43 (somatosensory cortex and parietal operculum)

100
Q

intraparietal sulcus

A

helps control saccadic eye movements (involuntary, abrupt, and rapid small movements made by the eyes when changing the fixation point)

101
Q

parietal reach regions

A

visually guided grasping movements (same as LIP-lateral intraparietal area)

102
Q

somatosensory strip sends output to:

A

1) area PE for tactile recognition

2) motor regions to provide sensory info about limb position and movement

103
Q

area PE (somatosensory)

A

Input: primary somatosensory cortex
Output: primary motor cortex, supplementary motor cortex, premotor regions, area PF

104
Q

purpose of area PE

A

guide movement by providing info about limb position

105
Q

area PF

A

Input: PE (info from somatosensory cortex), primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, small visual input through PG
Output: primary motor cortex, supplementary motor cortex, premotor regions

106
Q

purpose of area PF

A

elaborate similar info to PE for the motor system

107
Q

area PG

A

Input: visual, auditory, somesthetic, proprioceptive, vestibular, oculomotor, cingulate
Output: orbitofrontal cortex, temporal lobes (e.g. hippocampus), cingulate gyrus

108
Q

purpose of area PG

A

part of the dorsal stream, controls spatially guided behaviour with respect to visual and tactile info

109
Q

what are the 3 dorsal pathways that leave the posterior parietal region (PF, PG)?

A

parieto-premotor (how pathway), parieto-prefrontal (visuospatial functions), parieto-medial temporal (to hippocampus, parahippocampal regions for spatial navigation)

110
Q

function of anterior parietal zones:

A

process somatic sensations and perceptions

111
Q

function of posterior parietal zones:

A

integrate info from vision with somatosensory info for movement and spatial function (significant role in mental imagery, object rotation, navigation through space, differentiate between left-right, arithmetic)

112
Q

sensorimotor transformation

A

neural calculations of the relative position of the body with respect to sensory feedback from movements being made and planned (area PRR is active when preparing and executing a limb movement)

113
Q

medial parietal region (MPR)

A

neuron responses associated with a specific movement at a specific location

114
Q

what are 3 symptoms of parietal lobe damage (outside of visuomotor symptoms)?

A
  • difficulties with arithmetic (acalculia)
  • difficulties with certain aspects of language (quasi-spatial aspects)
  • difficulties with movement sequences (cannot copy movement sequence)
115
Q

lesions to the postcentral gyrus produce:

A
  • abnormally high sensory thresholds
  • impaired position sense
  • astereognosis (deficit in tactile perception)
  • afferent paresis (clumsy movements due to lack of kinesthetic feedback)
116
Q

numb touch (blind touch)

A

cannot feel stimuli and cannot feel touch, but can report the location of the touch (large lesions in areas PE, PF, and some of PG)

117
Q

constructional apraxia

A

impaired in combining blocks to form designs (symptom of contralateral neglect)

118
Q

topographic disability

A

cannot draw maps from memory (symptom of contralateral neglect)

119
Q

where do lesions for contralateral neglect patients often occur?

A

in the right inferior parietal lobe

damage to right intraparietal sulcus and the right angular gyrus

120
Q

what are some symptoms of right parietal lesions?

A
  • contralateral neglect
  • object recognition (impaired at recognizing familiar objects in unfamiliar views)
  • deficits in drawing
  • spatial attention
  • disengagement (allows attention to shift from one stimulus to another)
121
Q

what are some symptoms of left parietal lesions?

A

gerstmann syndome:

  • finger agnosia
  • right-left confusion
  • agraphia
  • acalculia
  • disturbed language function
122
Q

ideomotor apraxia

A

cannot copy serial movements or make gestures (left posterior parietal lesions)

123
Q

constructional apraxia

A

visuomotor disorder, cannot draw pictures, assemble puzzles, copy facial sequences (posterior parietal lesions to either side)

124
Q

what are neuropsychological assessments for parietal cortex lesions?

A
  • somatosensory threshold (two-point discrimination)
  • tactile form recognition
  • contralateral neglect
  • visual perception (name incomplete figures)
  • spatial relations (right-left differentiation test)
  • language (Token for speech and reading comprehension)
  • apraxia (movement series with a Kimura box)

NEUR479 (16 decks)

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