Lectures Flashcards
1
Q
neural tube
A
rolled up sheet of cells that will form the brain and spinal cord, begins developing 3 weeks after conception
2
Q
what are the 7 stages of brain development?
A
- cell birth (neurogenesis; gliogenesis)
- cell migration
- cell differentiation
- cell maturation (dendrite and axon growth)
- synaptogenesis (formation of synapses)
- cell death and synaptic pruning
- myelogenesis (formation of myelin)
3
Q
neural stem cells
A
grow out of the neural tube, have capacity for self-renewal, produce progenitor cells that produce neuroblasts and glioblasts
4
Q
subventricular zone (in adult)
A
lined with neural stem cells
5
Q
radial glial cells
A
extend from the subventricular zone to cortical surface, neurons migrate by traveling along “roads” of these cells
6
Q
Babinsky reflex
A
if bottom of the foot is stroked, big toe moves upwards toward top surface of foot while other toes fan out, absence of this reflex demonstrates spinal cord damage or still developing (young baby)
7
Q
what are the 5 phases of synapse formation?
A
1/2: take place in embryonic life and generated independently of experience
3: rapid growth
4: plateau and rapid elimination through puberty
5: plateau in middle age, then steady decline with age
8
Q
experience expectant
A
development depends on the presence of sensory experiences, phases 3 and 4
9
Q
experience dependent
A
generation of synapses that are unique to the individual, phases 3-5
10
Q
what are Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?
A
- sensorimotor (object permanence)
- preoperational (can represent things with words and drawings)
- concrete operations (can understand conservation, perform math)
- formal operations (abstract reasoning)
11
Q
nonmatching-to-sample task
A
assesses temporal lobe function, children can solve around 18 months of age
12
Q
concurrent discrimination task
A
assesses basal ganglia function, children can solve around 12 months of age
13
Q
brain development is regulated by:
A
anticipatory programs (genetic programme yielding a common template) and adaptive processes (experience dependent changes in genetic program or developmental processes)
14
Q
double dissociation
A
two areas of the cortex are functionally dissociated by two behavioural tests, each test is affected by a lesion in one zone but not in the other
15
Q
commissurotomy
A
surgical procedure that severs the corpus callosum so seizures do not spread to homologous regions, two hemispheres can no longer communicate (split brains)
16
Q
The Wada Test
A
sodium amobarbital injected to produce a period of anesthesia in one hemisphere in order to unequivocally localize speech before elective surgery (conduct CLVIII and RCFT to determine where language is localized)
17
Q
preferred cognitive mode
A
preference of one thought process over another
18
Q
cognitive set
A
tendency to approach a problem with a bias, can affect tests of lateralization
19
Q
formants
A
group sound waves specific to each vowel, modify emitted sound, act as a bandpass filter for sounds produced by vocal cords
20
Q
what are 4 core language skills?
A
categorization, labeling categories, sequencing behaviour, mimicry
21
Q
categorization
A
designates certain qualities to specific concepts, makes it easier to perceive info and retrieve it later when needed
22
Q
labeling categories
A
attaches words to different concepts, categorization system can stimulate word forms about that concept, words can also cause the brain to evoke concepts
23
Q
sequencing behaviour
A
LH helps order vocal movements used in speech, can also sequence face, body, and arm/hand movements used to produce nonverbal language
24
Q
mimicry
A
fosters language development, infants prefer to listen to speech, can make sounds used in all languages, mirror neurons in the frontal cortex help children mimic sounds they hear
25
Pooh-Pooh theory
Animal Vocalization theory (continuity theory): language evolved from noises associated with strong emotion
26
Bow-Wow Theory
Animal Vocalization theory (continuity theory): language evolved from noises made to imitate natural sounds
27
Yo-He-Ho Theory
Animal Vocalization theory (continuity theory): language evolved from noises made to resonate with natural sounds
28
Sing-Song Theory
Animal Vocalization theory (continuity theory): language evolved from noises made while playing or dancing
29
Cocktail party effect
we can "hear" speech better in a noisy environment if we see the speaker's lips
30
McGurk Effect
when we see and hear conflicting syllables, we hear the syllable that we heard
31
Dual Language pathway
Dorsal language pathway (phonemes), Ventral language pathway (semantics)
32
Broca's area contains:
a region for phonological processing and a region for semantic processing
33
anarthia
incoordination of mouth
34
fluent aphasia
impairment in input or reception of language (Wernicke's aphasia/sensory aphasia, transcortical aphasia/isolation syndrome, conduction aphasia, anomic aphasia/amnesic aphasia)
35
transcortical aphasia/isolation syndrome
can repeat and understand words, and name objects, cannot speak spontaneously, cannot comprehend words even though they can repeat them
36
conduction aphasia
can speak, name objects, and understand speech but cannot repeat words
37
anomic aphasia/amnesic aphasia
can comprehend speech, produce meaningful speech, and can repeat speech, great difficulty naming objects
38
nonfluent aphasias
Broca's aphasia/expressive aphasia, transcortical motor aphasia, global aphasias
39
Transcortical motor aphasia
good repetition, poor spontaneous production
40
global aphasias
laboured speech, poor comprehension
41
pure aphasias
alexia, agraphia, word deafness (cannot hear or repeat words)
42
apraxia of speech
damage to the insula
43
deficits in sentence comprehension
damage to the superior temporal gyrus
44
repetion of speech
damage to the arcuate fasciculus
45
working memory and articulation impairment
Broca's area damage
46
lack of speech comprehension and other core difficulties with language (fluent aphasia)
damage to the medial temporal lobe and underlying white matter, damage to temporal cortex contributes to deficits in holding sentences in memory until can be repeated
47
basal ganglia
important for speech articulation
48
thalamus
influences language by activating the cortex, damage is associated with variety of speech and language disturbances
49
what do aphasia test batteries examine?
auditory and visual comprehension, oral and written expression, conversational speech
50
phonemes are stored in:
angular gyrus/supramarginal gyrus, provides input to Wernicke's (dual language pathway)
51
staining of area V1 with cytochrome oxidase produces:
cytochrome-rich areas = blobs (colour perception) and low cytochrome = interblob (form and motion perception)
52
staining of area V2 with cytochrome oxidase produces:
stripes: thin stripe (colour perception), thick stripe (form), pale stripe (motion)
53
what are the 3 visual pathways?
dorsal stream: output to parietal lobe, ventral stream: output to the inferior temporal lobe, STS stream: multimodal output to the superior temporal sulcus (STS)
54
dorsal visual stream
visual guidance of movements for grasping, some neurons may take part in converting visual info into coordinates for action
55
ventral visual stream
IT (inferior temporal cortex): object perception, STS (superior temporal cortex): visuospatial functions
56
responsive to colour and form (visual pathway):
blob areas of V1 to V4
57
detection of movement:
V1 to V2 to V5
58
detection of dynamic form (shape of objects in motion)
V1 to V2 to V3
59
V4 damage
loss of colour cognition (cannot see, imagine, or recall colour)
60
V5 damage
erases the ability to perceive objects in motion; can only see objects at rest
61
V1 damage
cortically blind
62
lateral occipital
ventral stream region; object analysis
63
fusiform face area
ventral stream region; face analysis
64
extrastriate body area
ventral stream region; body analysis
65
fusiform body area
ventral stream region; body analysis
66
superior temporal sulcus
ventral stream region; analysis of biological motion
67
superior temporal sulcus (posterior)
ventral stream region; moving-body analysis
68
parahippocampal place area
ventral stream region; analysis of landmarks
69
lateral intraparietal sulcus
dorsal stream region; voluntary eye movement
70
anterior intraparietal sulcus
dorsal stream region; object-directed grasping
71
ventral intraparietal sulcus
dorsal stream region; visuomotor guidance
72
parietal reach region
dorsal stream region; visually guided reach
73
intraparietal sulcus
dorsal stream region; object-directed action
74
vision for action
required to direct specific movements (e.g. grasping), must be sensitive to target's movement, a function of parietal visual areas in dorsal stream
75
action for vision
top-down processing to focus on specific features, visual scanning involves many eye movements, selective focus (focus on eyes and mouths in the left visual field)
76
visual recognition
object recognition, specialized areas in temporal lobe for biologically significant info such as faces, hands, objects, and places
77
visual space
parietal and temporal lobes, spatial location (egocentric space; vision for action, allocentric space; visual recognition)
78
visual attention
selective attention for specific aspects of visual input, parietal lobes: independent mechanisms for guiding movements, temporal lobes: independent mechanisms for object recognition
79
STS stream
characterized by polysensory neurons, interaction between the dorsal and ventral streams, an elaboration of ventral stream (provides perceptual representation of biological motion)
80
monocular blindness
loss of sight in one eye, results from destruction of the retina or optic nerve in that eye
81
bitemporal hemianopia
loss of vision from both temporal fields, results from lesion to the optic chiasm severing crossing fibers
82
nasal hemianopia
loss of vision of one nasal field, results from a lesion of the lateral chiasm
83
homonymous hemianopia
blindness of one entire visual field, results from a complete cut of the optic tract/lateral geniculate body/or area V1
84
macular sparing
sparing of the central or macular region of the visual field, differentiates between lesions of the optic tract or thalamus from cortical lesions because macular sparing happens only after (usually large) unilateral lesions to the visual cortex
85
quadrantanopia or hemianopia
complete loss of vision in one-qurter or in one-half of the fovea, respectively, results from a lesion to the occipital lobe
86
scotomas
small blind spots in visual field, results from small lesions to the occipital lobe
87
nystagmus
constant involuntary eye movements, fills in field so blind spots not noted
88
blindsight
perceiving location without being able to perceive content
89
apperceptive agnosia
failure in object recognition but basic visual functions (acuity, colour, motion) preserved (e.g. simultagnosia), results from gross bilateral damage to the lateral parts of the occipital lobes
90
associative agnosia
inability to recognize an object despite its apparent perception, can copy a drawing accurately but cannot identify it, results from lesions higher in the processing hierarchy, such as the anterior temporal lobe
91
akintopsia
can't see movement, damage to V5 (temporal lobe), superior temporal sulcus
92
prosopagnosia
deficit in facial recognition, damage to fusiform gyrus (temporal lobe structure)
93
postcentral gyrus corresponds to Bordmann's area:
1, 2, 3
94
superior parietal lobule corresponds to Bordmann's area:
5, 7
95
parietal operculum corresponds to Bordmann's area:
43
96
supramarginal gyrus corresponds to Bordmann's area:
40
97
angular gyrus corresponds to Bordmann's area:
39
98
inferior parietal lobule consists of:
supramarginal gyrus and angular gyrus
99
anterior zone of parietal lobe:
area 1, 2, 3, 43 (somatosensory cortex and parietal operculum)
100
intraparietal sulcus
helps control saccadic eye movements (involuntary, abrupt, and rapid small movements made by the eyes when changing the fixation point)
101
parietal reach regions
visually guided grasping movements (same as LIP-lateral intraparietal area)
102
somatosensory strip sends output to:
1) area PE for tactile recognition
| 2) motor regions to provide sensory info about limb position and movement
103
area PE (somatosensory)
Input: primary somatosensory cortex
Output: primary motor cortex, supplementary motor cortex, premotor regions, area PF
104
purpose of area PE
guide movement by providing info about limb position
105
area PF
Input: PE (info from somatosensory cortex), primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, small visual input through PG
Output: primary motor cortex, supplementary motor cortex, premotor regions
106
purpose of area PF
elaborate similar info to PE for the motor system
107
area PG
Input: visual, auditory, somesthetic, proprioceptive, vestibular, oculomotor, cingulate
Output: orbitofrontal cortex, temporal lobes (e.g. hippocampus), cingulate gyrus
108
purpose of area PG
part of the dorsal stream, controls spatially guided behaviour with respect to visual and tactile info
109
what are the 3 dorsal pathways that leave the posterior parietal region (PF, PG)?
parieto-premotor (how pathway), parieto-prefrontal (visuospatial functions), parieto-medial temporal (to hippocampus, parahippocampal regions for spatial navigation)
110
function of anterior parietal zones:
process somatic sensations and perceptions
111
function of posterior parietal zones:
integrate info from vision with somatosensory info for movement and spatial function (significant role in mental imagery, object rotation, navigation through space, differentiate between left-right, arithmetic)
112
sensorimotor transformation
neural calculations of the relative position of the body with respect to sensory feedback from movements being made and planned (area PRR is active when preparing and executing a limb movement)
113
medial parietal region (MPR)
neuron responses associated with a specific movement at a specific location
114
what are 3 symptoms of parietal lobe damage (outside of visuomotor symptoms)?
- difficulties with arithmetic (acalculia)
- difficulties with certain aspects of language (quasi-spatial aspects)
- difficulties with movement sequences (cannot copy movement sequence)
115
lesions to the postcentral gyrus produce:
- abnormally high sensory thresholds
- impaired position sense
- astereognosis (deficit in tactile perception)
- afferent paresis (clumsy movements due to lack of kinesthetic feedback)
116
numb touch (blind touch)
cannot feel stimuli and cannot feel touch, but can report the location of the touch (large lesions in areas PE, PF, and some of PG)
117
constructional apraxia
impaired in combining blocks to form designs (symptom of contralateral neglect)
118
topographic disability
cannot draw maps from memory (symptom of contralateral neglect)
119
where do lesions for contralateral neglect patients often occur?
in the right inferior parietal lobe
| damage to right intraparietal sulcus and the right angular gyrus
120
what are some symptoms of right parietal lesions?
- contralateral neglect
- object recognition (impaired at recognizing familiar objects in unfamiliar views)
- deficits in drawing
- spatial attention
- disengagement (allows attention to shift from one stimulus to another)
121
what are some symptoms of left parietal lesions?
gerstmann syndome:
- finger agnosia
- right-left confusion
- agraphia
- acalculia
- disturbed language function
122
ideomotor apraxia
cannot copy serial movements or make gestures (left posterior parietal lesions)
123
constructional apraxia
visuomotor disorder, cannot draw pictures, assemble puzzles, copy facial sequences (posterior parietal lesions to either side)
124
what are neuropsychological assessments for parietal cortex lesions?
- somatosensory threshold (two-point discrimination)
- tactile form recognition
- contralateral neglect
- visual perception (name incomplete figures)
- spatial relations (right-left differentiation test)
- language (Token for speech and reading comprehension)
- apraxia (movement series with a Kimura box)
