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NEUR479 > Ch 14, 17, 19, 23 > Flashcards

Ch 14, 17, 19, 23 Flashcards

1
Q

saccade

A

a series of involuntary, abrupt, and rapid small movements or jerks made by both eyes simultaneously in changing the point of fixation

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2
Q

sensorimotor transformation

A

neural calculations that constantly updates the perception of our body as the location of our body parts change so that we can make future movements smoothly

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3
Q

temporoparietal junction

A

a region of polysensory tissue where the temporal and parietal lobes meet at the end of the Sylvian fissure (involved in arithmetic operations)

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4
Q

stereognosis

A

inability to recognize the nature of an object by touch

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5
Q

afferent paresis

A

loss of kinesthetic feedback that results from lesions to the postcentral gyrus

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6
Q

simultaneous extinction

A

a somatoperceptual disorder; if two stimuli are applied simultaneously, only one stimulus is reported

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7
Q

asomatognosia

A

loss of knowledge or sense of one’s own body and bodily condition

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8
Q

anosognosia

A

unawareness or denial of illness

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9
Q

anosodiaphoria

A

indifference to illness

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10
Q

autopagnosia

A

inability to localize and name body parts

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11
Q

asymbolia for pain

A

absence of typical reactions to pain, such as reflexive withdrawal from a painful stimulus

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12
Q

finger agnosia

A

a condition in which a person is unable either to point to the various fingers of either hand or to show them to an examiner

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13
Q

what are 3 symptoms of Balint’s syndrome (bilateral parietal lesions)?

A
  1. can move eyes but cannot fixate on specific visual stimulus
  2. simultagnosia
  3. optic ataxia
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14
Q

contralateral neglect (unilateral hemispatial neglect)

A

involves a deficit in attention paid to one side of the visual field, usually the side that is contralateral to the damage (usually right parietal)

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15
Q

allesthesia

A

characterized by a person’s beginning to respond to stimuli on the neglected side as if the stimuli were on the unlesioned side

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16
Q

agraphia

A

inability to write

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17
Q

what are 6 symptoms characteristic of left parietal lesions?

A
  1. disturbed language function
  2. apraxia
  3. dyscalculia
  4. recall (poor digit span)
  5. right-left discrimination
  6. right hemianopia
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18
Q

apraxia

A

a movement disorder in which the loss of skilled movement is not caused by weakness, inability to move, abnormal muscle tone or posture, intellectual deterioration, poor comprehension, or other disorders of movement such as tremor

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19
Q

ideomotor apraxia

A

patients are unable to copy movements or make gestures (often seen in left posterior parietal lesions)

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20
Q

constructional apraxia

A

visuomotor disorder, spatial organization is disturbed (cannot assemble a puzzle, build a treehouse, draw a picture, or copy a series of facial movements) (can develop after injury to either parietal lobe)

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21
Q

disengagement

A

process where attention shifts from one stimulus to another (function of the parietal cortex)

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22
Q

homotopic areas

A

identical points in the two cerebral hemispheres that are related to the body’s midline

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23
Q

conduction aphasia

A

aphasic syndrome that results from severing the fiber connections between the anterior and posterior speech zones. speech sounds and movements are retained but speech is impaired because it cannot be conducted from one region to the other

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24
Q

acopia

A

inability to copy a geometric design

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25
Q

callosal agenesis

A

congenitally reduced or absent interhemispheric connections

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26
Q

commissurotomy

A

the surgical severy of the cerebral commissures (an elective treatment for intractable epilepsy in cases in which medication proves ineffective)

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27
Q

anosmic

A

lacking the sense of smell

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28
Q

phonemes

A

fundamental language sounds that form a word or part of a word

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29
Q

morphemes

A

combinations of phonemes; the smallest meaningful units of words

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30
Q

lexicon

A

comprises a memory store that contains words and their meanings

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31
Q

syntax

A

language’s rules of grammar, how words are strung together in patterns

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32
Q

semantics

A

the meaning connected to words and sentences

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33
Q

prosody

A

the tone of voice (can modify the literal meaning of words and sentences by varying stress, pitch, and rhythm)

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34
Q

discourse

A

the highest level of language processing, involves stringing together sentences to form a meaningful narrative

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35
Q

vocal cords

A

folds of mucous membrane attached to the vocal muscles

36
Q

larynx

A

“voice box”, the organ of the voice

37
Q

(vocal-tract) formants

A

modifies the emitted sound, allowing specific frequencies to pass unhindered but blocking transmission of others

38
Q

discontinuity theory

A

proposes that language evolved rapidly and appeared suddenly, occurring in modern humans in the last 200 000 years or so

39
Q

continuity theory

A

proposes that language evolved gradually

40
Q

Wernicke-Geschwind model

A

proposes that comprehension is (1) extracted from sounds in Wernicke’s area and (2) passed over the arcuate fasciculus pathway to (3) Brocca’s area to be articulated as speech

41
Q

agraphia

A

inability to write

42
Q

alexia

A

inability to read

43
Q

anarthria

A

paralysis or incoordination of the musculature of the mouth

44
Q

paraphasia

A

the production of unintended syllables, words, or phrases during speech

45
Q

fluent aphasias

A

fluent speech but difficulties either in auditory verbal comprehension or in the repetition of words, phrases, or sentences spoken by others

46
Q

nonfluent aphasias

A

difficulties in articulating but relatively good auditory verbal comprehension

47
Q

pure aphasias

A

selective impairments in reading, writing, or recognizing words in the absence of other language disorders

48
Q

sensory aphasia

A

Wernicke’s aphasia; inability to comprehend words or to arrange sounds into coherent speech even though word production remains intact

49
Q

word salad

A

intelligible words that appear to be strung together randomly, a symptom of Wernicke’s aphasia

50
Q

transcortical aphasia (isolation syndrome)

A

people can repeat and understand words and name objects but cannot speak spontaneously, or they cannot comprehend words although they can repeat them

51
Q

conduction aphasia

A

can speak easily, name objects, and understand speech, but they cannot repeat words. disconnection between the “perceptual word image” and the motor system producing the words

52
Q

amnesic aphasia (anomic aphasia)

A

comprehend speech, produce meaningful speech, and can repeat speech, but have great difficulty finding the names of objects

53
Q

expressive aphasia (Broca’s aphasia), nonfluent aphasia

A

understands speech but has to labour to produce it

54
Q

global aphasias

A

speech is laboured and comprehension is poor

55
Q

what are examples of pure aphasias?

A

alexia, agraphia

56
Q

what are 4 variables one needs to consider when studying the neural basis of language?

A
  1. most of the brain takes part in language in one way or another
  2. most of the patients who contribute info to studies of language have had strokes, usually in the middle cerebral artery (MCA)
  3. immediately following stroke, symptoms are generally severe but improve considerably as time passes
  4. aphasia syndromes described as nonfluent (Broca’s) or fluent (Wernicke’s) consist of numerous varied symptoms, each of which may have a different neural basis
57
Q

acquired dyslexias

A

impairments in reading subsequent to brain damages

58
Q

developmental dyslexia

A

failure to learn to read during development

59
Q

attentional dyslexia

A

when more than one letter is present, letter naming is difficult (same phenomenon can appear for words)

60
Q

neglect dyslexia

A

may misread the first half of a word or the last half of the word

61
Q

letter-by-letter reading

A

affected persons read words only by spelling them out to themselves (aloud or silently), can write but has difficulty reading what was written

62
Q

deep dyslexia

A

semantic errors: read semantically related words in place of the word that they are trying to read, generally impaired at writing and in short-term verbal memory (digit-span)

63
Q

phnological dyslexia

A

inability to read nonwords aloud; otherwise reading may be nearly flawless

64
Q

surface dyslexia

A

cannot recognize words directly but can understand them by using letter-to-sound relations (if it is sounded out), spelling is impaired but is phonetically correct

65
Q

dual-route theory

A

proposes that reading written language is accomplished by using two distinct but interactive procedures, the lexical (activation of orthographic/picture or phonological/sound representations of a WHOLE word) and nonlexical routes (based on sound-spelling rules, non-words)

66
Q

neural tube

A

formed when the primitive brain (a sheet of cells at one end of the embryo) rolls up to form a tube

67
Q

apoptosis

A

cell death that is genetically programmed

68
Q

neural stem cells

A

multipotential, extensive capacity for self-renewal, produce progenitor/precursor cells

69
Q

subventricular zone

A

area where neural stem cells line the ventricles

70
Q

progenitor (precursor) cells

A

produced from stem cells, can divide, eventually produces nondividing neuroblasts or glioblasts

71
Q

athetosis

A

slow, involuntary movement

72
Q

dystonia

A

imbalances in muscle tone

73
Q

brain plasticity

A

the nervous system’s potential for physical or chemical change that enhances its adaptability to environmental change and its ability to compensate for injury

74
Q

amblyopia

A

deficits of vision without obvious impairment of the eye

75
Q

what are 3 ways that brain plasticity could support recovery after early injury?

A
  1. changes in the organization of the remaining intact circuits in the brain
  2. generation of new circuitry
  3. generation of neurons and glia to replace at least some lost neurons
76
Q

neurotrophic factors

A

chemical compounds that support growth and differentiation in developing neurons and may act to keep neurons alive in adulthood

77
Q

anencephaly

A

cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, and midbrain are absent

78
Q

holoprosencephaly

A

cortex forms a single undifferentiated hemisphere

79
Q

lissencephaly

A

brain fails to form sulci and gyri and corresponds to that of a 12-week embryo

80
Q

micropolygyria

A

gyri are more numerous, smaller, and more poorly developed than typical

81
Q

macrogyria

A

gyri are broader and less numerous than typical

82
Q

microencephaly

A

development of the brain is rudimentary and the person has low-grade intelligence

83
Q

porencephaly

A

cortex has symmetrical cavities where cortex and white matter should be

84
Q

heterotopia

A

displaced islands of gray matter appear in the ventricular walls or white matter, caused by aborted cell migration

85
Q

callosal agenesis

A

entire corpus callosum or a part of it is absent

86
Q

cerebellar agenesis

A

parts of the cerebellum, basal ganglia, or spinal cord are absent or malformed

NEUR479 (16 decks)

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