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NEUR479 > Ch 14, 17, 19, 23 > Flashcards

Ch 14, 17, 19, 23 Flashcards

1
Q

saccade

A

a series of involuntary, abrupt, and rapid small movements or jerks made by both eyes simultaneously in changing the point of fixation

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2
Q

sensorimotor transformation

A

neural calculations that constantly updates the perception of our body as the location of our body parts change so that we can make future movements smoothly

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3
Q

temporoparietal junction

A

a region of polysensory tissue where the temporal and parietal lobes meet at the end of the Sylvian fissure (involved in arithmetic operations)

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4
Q

stereognosis

A

inability to recognize the nature of an object by touch

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5
Q

afferent paresis

A

loss of kinesthetic feedback that results from lesions to the postcentral gyrus

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6
Q

simultaneous extinction

A

a somatoperceptual disorder; if two stimuli are applied simultaneously, only one stimulus is reported

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7
Q

asomatognosia

A

loss of knowledge or sense of one’s own body and bodily condition

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8
Q

anosognosia

A

unawareness or denial of illness

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9
Q

anosodiaphoria

A

indifference to illness

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10
Q

autopagnosia

A

inability to localize and name body parts

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11
Q

asymbolia for pain

A

absence of typical reactions to pain, such as reflexive withdrawal from a painful stimulus

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12
Q

finger agnosia

A

a condition in which a person is unable either to point to the various fingers of either hand or to show them to an examiner

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13
Q

what are 3 symptoms of Balint’s syndrome (bilateral parietal lesions)?

A
  1. can move eyes but cannot fixate on specific visual stimulus
  2. simultagnosia
  3. optic ataxia
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14
Q

contralateral neglect (unilateral hemispatial neglect)

A

involves a deficit in attention paid to one side of the visual field, usually the side that is contralateral to the damage (usually right parietal)

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15
Q

allesthesia

A

characterized by a person’s beginning to respond to stimuli on the neglected side as if the stimuli were on the unlesioned side

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16
Q

agraphia

A

inability to write

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17
Q

what are 6 symptoms characteristic of left parietal lesions?

A
  1. disturbed language function
  2. apraxia
  3. dyscalculia
  4. recall (poor digit span)
  5. right-left discrimination
  6. right hemianopia
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18
Q

apraxia

A

a movement disorder in which the loss of skilled movement is not caused by weakness, inability to move, abnormal muscle tone or posture, intellectual deterioration, poor comprehension, or other disorders of movement such as tremor

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19
Q

ideomotor apraxia

A

patients are unable to copy movements or make gestures (often seen in left posterior parietal lesions)

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20
Q

constructional apraxia

A

visuomotor disorder, spatial organization is disturbed (cannot assemble a puzzle, build a treehouse, draw a picture, or copy a series of facial movements) (can develop after injury to either parietal lobe)

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21
Q

disengagement

A

process where attention shifts from one stimulus to another (function of the parietal cortex)

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22
Q

homotopic areas

A

identical points in the two cerebral hemispheres that are related to the body’s midline

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23
Q

conduction aphasia

A

aphasic syndrome that results from severing the fiber connections between the anterior and posterior speech zones. speech sounds and movements are retained but speech is impaired because it cannot be conducted from one region to the other

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24
Q

acopia

A

inability to copy a geometric design

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25
callosal agenesis
congenitally reduced or absent interhemispheric connections
26
commissurotomy
the surgical severy of the cerebral commissures (an elective treatment for intractable epilepsy in cases in which medication proves ineffective)
27
anosmic
lacking the sense of smell
28
phonemes
fundamental language sounds that form a word or part of a word
29
morphemes
combinations of phonemes; the smallest meaningful units of words
30
lexicon
comprises a memory store that contains words and their meanings
31
syntax
language's rules of grammar, how words are strung together in patterns
32
semantics
the meaning connected to words and sentences
33
prosody
the tone of voice (can modify the literal meaning of words and sentences by varying stress, pitch, and rhythm)
34
discourse
the highest level of language processing, involves stringing together sentences to form a meaningful narrative
35
vocal cords
folds of mucous membrane attached to the vocal muscles
36
larynx
"voice box", the organ of the voice
37
(vocal-tract) formants
modifies the emitted sound, allowing specific frequencies to pass unhindered but blocking transmission of others
38
discontinuity theory
proposes that language evolved rapidly and appeared suddenly, occurring in modern humans in the last 200 000 years or so
39
continuity theory
proposes that language evolved gradually
40
Wernicke-Geschwind model
proposes that comprehension is (1) extracted from sounds in Wernicke's area and (2) passed over the arcuate fasciculus pathway to (3) Brocca's area to be articulated as speech
41
agraphia
inability to write
42
alexia
inability to read
43
anarthria
paralysis or incoordination of the musculature of the mouth
44
paraphasia
the production of unintended syllables, words, or phrases during speech
45
fluent aphasias
fluent speech but difficulties either in auditory verbal comprehension or in the repetition of words, phrases, or sentences spoken by others
46
nonfluent aphasias
difficulties in articulating but relatively good auditory verbal comprehension
47
pure aphasias
selective impairments in reading, writing, or recognizing words in the absence of other language disorders
48
sensory aphasia
Wernicke's aphasia; inability to comprehend words or to arrange sounds into coherent speech even though word production remains intact
49
word salad
intelligible words that appear to be strung together randomly, a symptom of Wernicke's aphasia
50
transcortical aphasia (isolation syndrome)
people can repeat and understand words and name objects but cannot speak spontaneously, or they cannot comprehend words although they can repeat them
51
conduction aphasia
can speak easily, name objects, and understand speech, but they cannot repeat words. disconnection between the "perceptual word image" and the motor system producing the words
52
amnesic aphasia (anomic aphasia)
comprehend speech, produce meaningful speech, and can repeat speech, but have great difficulty finding the names of objects
53
expressive aphasia (Broca's aphasia), nonfluent aphasia
understands speech but has to labour to produce it
54
global aphasias
speech is laboured and comprehension is poor
55
what are examples of pure aphasias?
alexia, agraphia
56
what are 4 variables one needs to consider when studying the neural basis of language?
1. most of the brain takes part in language in one way or another 2. most of the patients who contribute info to studies of language have had strokes, usually in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) 3. immediately following stroke, symptoms are generally severe but improve considerably as time passes 4. aphasia syndromes described as nonfluent (Broca's) or fluent (Wernicke's) consist of numerous varied symptoms, each of which may have a different neural basis
57
acquired dyslexias
impairments in reading subsequent to brain damages
58
developmental dyslexia
failure to learn to read during development
59
attentional dyslexia
when more than one letter is present, letter naming is difficult (same phenomenon can appear for words)
60
neglect dyslexia
may misread the first half of a word or the last half of the word
61
letter-by-letter reading
affected persons read words only by spelling them out to themselves (aloud or silently), can write but has difficulty reading what was written
62
deep dyslexia
semantic errors: read semantically related words in place of the word that they are trying to read, generally impaired at writing and in short-term verbal memory (digit-span)
63
phnological dyslexia
inability to read nonwords aloud; otherwise reading may be nearly flawless
64
surface dyslexia
cannot recognize words directly but can understand them by using letter-to-sound relations (if it is sounded out), spelling is impaired but is phonetically correct
65
dual-route theory
proposes that reading written language is accomplished by using two distinct but interactive procedures, the lexical (activation of orthographic/picture or phonological/sound representations of a WHOLE word) and nonlexical routes (based on sound-spelling rules, non-words)
66
neural tube
formed when the primitive brain (a sheet of cells at one end of the embryo) rolls up to form a tube
67
apoptosis
cell death that is genetically programmed
68
neural stem cells
multipotential, extensive capacity for self-renewal, produce progenitor/precursor cells
69
subventricular zone
area where neural stem cells line the ventricles
70
progenitor (precursor) cells
produced from stem cells, can divide, eventually produces nondividing neuroblasts or glioblasts
71
athetosis
slow, involuntary movement
72
dystonia
imbalances in muscle tone
73
brain plasticity
the nervous system's potential for physical or chemical change that enhances its adaptability to environmental change and its ability to compensate for injury
74
amblyopia
deficits of vision without obvious impairment of the eye
75
what are 3 ways that brain plasticity could support recovery after early injury?
1. changes in the organization of the remaining intact circuits in the brain 2. generation of new circuitry 3. generation of neurons and glia to replace at least some lost neurons
76
neurotrophic factors
chemical compounds that support growth and differentiation in developing neurons and may act to keep neurons alive in adulthood
77
anencephaly
cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, and midbrain are absent
78
holoprosencephaly
cortex forms a single undifferentiated hemisphere
79
lissencephaly
brain fails to form sulci and gyri and corresponds to that of a 12-week embryo
80
micropolygyria
gyri are more numerous, smaller, and more poorly developed than typical
81
macrogyria
gyri are broader and less numerous than typical
82
microencephaly
development of the brain is rudimentary and the person has low-grade intelligence
83
porencephaly
cortex has symmetrical cavities where cortex and white matter should be
84
heterotopia
displaced islands of gray matter appear in the ventricular walls or white matter, caused by aborted cell migration
85
callosal agenesis
entire corpus callosum or a part of it is absent
86
cerebellar agenesis
parts of the cerebellum, basal ganglia, or spinal cord are absent or malformed

NEUR479 (16 decks)

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