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Immune and lymphatic system > Temperature regulation > Flashcards

Temperature regulation Flashcards

1
Q

What is temperature?

A

Heat energy that an object possesses

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2
Q

What is a cal?

A

Heats 1g of water by 1 degree

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3
Q

How many joules is in a cal?

A

4.2

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4
Q

How many cal are in a kcal?

A

1000

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5
Q

How many calories does 1mL of oxygen burn?

A

5

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6
Q

Range of ideal body temperature

A

36.5-37.5

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7
Q

What is hypothermia?

A

<35 degrees

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8
Q

What is hyperthermia?

A

> 38 degrees

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9
Q

What is pyrexia?

A

Hyperthermia

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10
Q

What happens when body temperature reaches 35 degrees?

A

Shivering, peripheral circulation shutdown

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11
Q

What happens when body temperature reaches 33 degrees?

A

Confusion, drowsiness

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12
Q

What happens when body temperature reaches 31 degrees?

A

Unconscious, risk of arrythmia

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13
Q

What happens when body temperature reaches 29 degrees?

A

Respiratory muscle failure

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14
Q

What happens when body temperature reaches 27 degrees?

A

Death

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15
Q

What happens when body temperature reaches 39 degrees?

A

Sweating, vasodilation, breathless

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16
Q

What happens when body temperature reaches 40 degrees?

A

Vomiting, dehydration, weakness

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17
Q

What happens when body temperature reaches 41 degrees?

A

Fainting, confusion, drowsiness

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18
Q

What happens when body temperature reaches 42 degrees?

A

Brain proteins denaturing

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19
Q

What happens when body temperature reaches 43 degrees?

A

Death

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20
Q

Characteristics of cold receptors

A

Peripheral in skin, conducted via myelinated A fibres

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21
Q

Characteristics of warm receptors

A

Central in hypothalamus with few in skin

22
Q

What do nociceptors do?

A

Identify extremes in temperature, perceive it as pain

23
Q

What are behavioural responses?

A

Voluntary actions to increase muscle activity or change body’s immediate environment

24
Q

What are physiological responses?

A

Involuntary actions to increase muscle activity or change body’s immediate environment

25
Q

What is the thermoneutral zone?

A

Band within which normothermia can be maintained using basal energy production without evaporative heat loss

26
Q

Neurological responses

A

Sympathetic NS (vasomotor tone, sweating) and motor system (shivering)

27
Q

Hormonal responses

A

Thyroid (produces thyroxine) and adrenal medulla (produces adrenaline)

28
Q

What is a MET?

A

A measure of basal metabolism

Metabolic Equivalent of Task

29
Q

How many METs are in walking?

A

2-4

30
Q

How many METs are in cycling?

A

6-8

31
Q

How many METs are in sprinting?

A

10-12

32
Q

How much heat is lost through skin?

A

90%

33
Q

What is conduction?

A

Direct contact with adjacent material

34
Q

What is convection?

A

Warms adjacent air, creates heat-losing current

35
Q

What is radiation?

A

Transfer through infrared rays to distant objects at lower temperature

36
Q

What is evaporation?

A

Latent heat of vaporisation lost as sweat/respiratory humidity evaporates

37
Q

Where does sweating occur?

A

Eccrine/merocrine glands

38
Q

Which system controls sweating?

A

Sympathetic NS

39
Q

Which neurotransmitter is in sweat glands?

A

ACh not NA

40
Q

What is a fever?

A

Elevated temperature from infection or inflammation

41
Q

What are pyrogens?

A

Cytokines (Il-1, Il-6, TNF-alpha) released by macrophages. They travel to the hypothalamus to add higher value and act via PGE2

42
Q

What is heat stroke?

A

Rapid, extreme temperature rise, usually exercise related but can be exacerbated by drugs

43
Q

Why are neonates at high risk of hypothermia?

A

High surface area to weight ratio, unable to make behavioural changes

44
Q

What is brown fat?

A

Heat source used by neonates, found between scapulae
Oxidative metabolism in mitochondria is uncoupled to phosphorylation and produces heat rather than ATP. Activated by thyroid hoemones sensitizing adipocytes to action of adrenaline

45
Q

Why is near-drowning a risk factor for hypothermia?

A

Increase in heat lost by conduction

46
Q

Why is a drug overdose a risk factor for hypothermia?

A

Reduced metabolism and heat production, can’t make behavioural changes

47
Q

Why is major trauma a risk factor for heat loss?

A

Exposure increasing heat loss, replacement of blood lost with cold fluid

48
Q

What is induced hypothermia?

A

Reduced metabolic requirements (e.g. during surgery) achieve by surface cooling and cardio-pulmonary bypass

49
Q

Ways to increase temperature

A

Warm clothing, vaso-constriction, T3 release, catecholamine release, shivering

50
Q

Ways to decrease temperature

A

Sweating, vasodilation, exposure, decreased muscle activity

Immune and lymphatic system (27 decks)

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