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Immune and lymphatic system > Innate immunity > Flashcards

Innate immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we need an immune response?

A

Prevent infections and cancers

Remove dead/non-functioning components

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2
Q

Physical barriers

A 
Skin
Cilia
Hairs
Mucus
Flushing action of tears/urine
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3
Q

Characteristics of viruses

A

Obligate intracellular pathogen

20-800 nm

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4
Q

Characteristics of bacteria

A

Prokaryote

0.2-20 micrometers

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5
Q

Characteristics of fungi

A

Eukaryote

2 micrometers to a centimetre

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6
Q

Characteristics of a protozoal parasite

A

Two or more hosts

10-200 micrometers

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7
Q

Characteristics of multicellular parasites

A

Multiple lifestyles

1 cm to 3 m

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8
Q

What is desquamination?

A

Constant turnover of skin cells

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9
Q

What do goblet cells do?

A

Produce mucus

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10
Q

Which cells are part of gastric immunity?

A

Goblet and dendritic cells

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11
Q

Chemical defences of the body

A

Lysozymes
Normal flora
Stomach acid

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12
Q

Why is normal flora beneficial?

A

Gets rid of pathogens and stops them binding

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13
Q

What is the order of defence in the body?

A

1st line - physical barriers
2nd line - innate immune system
3rd line - adaptive immune system

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14
Q

What do all cells in the innate immune system start as?

A

Pluripotent stem cell

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15
Q

Which cell do most defence cells come from?

A

Myeloid progenitor

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16
Q

What do granulocytes do?

A

Degranulate contents to fight pathogens

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17
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A

Phagocytosis

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18
Q

What do basophils do?

A

Granulocyte, similar to neutrophil

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19
Q

What do monocytes do?

A

In tissue, they differentiate into macrophages

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20
Q

What do megakaryocytes do?

A

Produce platelets/phagocytose/present antigensW

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21
Q

What do mast cells do?

A

Initiate inflammatory immune response

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22
Q

What do dendritic cells do?

A

Present antigens

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23
Q

Where do cells in the adaptive immune system come from?

A

Lymphoid progenitor

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24
Q

Characteristics of mast cells

A

Granulocyte
Large nucleus
Signals from DAMP/PAMP
Releases granules

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25
What do the granules released from mast cells do?
Recruit immune cells Regulates phagocytosis Repairs tissues Vascular permeability
26
What impact do mast cells have on vasculature during inflammation?
Cause vasodilation in smooth muscle cells Makes blood vessels leaky and swell Endothelial cells have adhesion molecules activated by mast cells and they get sticky. This is where WBCs bind to enter tissue Plasma proteins leak into tissue to fight infection
27
Symptoms of inflammation
Rubor/calor Dolor Swelling
28
What do dendritic cells do?
Pick up pathogens in tissue and travel to lymph node Present pathogen to immature T-cells to activate them Activates T-cells and coordinates correct immune response
29
How are T-cells drawn to the site of an infection?
Cytokines
30
What is chemotaxis?
Movement along gradient of increasing concentration of the attractant
31
How many nuclei do neutrophils have?
Multiple
32
What do neutrophils do?
Phagocytose pathogens | Respiratory burst
33
How are leukocytes recruited to an area?
Follow chemotactic gradient Adhesion molecules are activated and become sticky Receptors bind to adhesion molecules Slow down leukocyte until bound to endothelial cells Gaps in tight junctions allow neutrophils to enter tissues
34
How does phagocytosis occur?
Immune cell attaches to pathogen by recognition receptors Pseudopodia wraps around pathogen Neutrophil degranulates
35
What is a respiratory burst?
Free radicals produced to break down pathogens E.g. after opsonin/ligand binding to cell surface receptors, the NADPH oxidase generates superoxide (O2.) in phagocytes. Superoxide dissimulates into H2O2, which reacts with chloride ions to form hypochlorous acid (HOCl) catalyzed by myeloperoxidase
36
Which cells can present antigens?
Macrophages Dendritic cells B-cells
37
What do macrophages do?
Phagocytosis Respiratory burst Present antigens and take to lymph nodes to inform about infection
38
Where do NK cells come from?
Lymphoid
39
Why are NK cells classified as innate?
They don't need to be activated
40
How do NK cells kill pathogens?
They have 'death-receptors' on membrane which bind to 'death receptor' ligands on pathogen. When bound, Nk cell degranulates to break down cell by apoptosis
41
Function of NK cells
Activate macrophages Death receptors Release cytokines to communicate with other cells
42
Which is the rarest granulocyte?
Basophil
43
What do basophils do?
Acute and chronic allergic response | Contribute to resistance to internal parasites
44
Why do basophils have their name?
Take up basic dyes
45
Where are eosinophils mainly found?
Gut and lymphatic system
46
Why do eosinophils appear pink under a microscope?
Take up acidic dye eosin
47
What do eosinophils do?
Participate in allergic disease and helminth infections | Release cytokines to attract cells of immune system
48
What is pattern recognition?
PRR receptors on surface of innate cells PRR recognise PAMP Adaptive cells use antibodies and t-cell receptors to recognise PAMP
49
What does PAMP stand for?
Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern
50
Examples of PAMP in bacteria
Peptidoglycan Lipiprotein Flagellum DNA
51
Examples of PAMP on viruses
DNA | RNA
52
What does TLR stand for?
Toll-like receptors
53
Where are TLRs expressed from?
Macrophages | Dendritic cells
54
What do TLRs do?
Recognise different pathogens | Activate APCs to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and stimulate co-stimulatory molecule expression
55
What is another name for TLRs?
PRR
56
Where is C-reactive protein produced?
Liver
57
What type of protein is c-reactive protein?
Acute phase protein
58
What can CRP level be used to measure?
Inflammation
59
What does CRP do?
Enters tissue and activates immune cells/opsonize pathogen to make it more visible to the immune system
60
What are the three pathways in the complement protein cascade?
Lectin Classical Alternative
61
What is the lectin pathway in the complement protein cascade?
Iniated by lectin binding proteins and ficolin MASP binding to carbohydrates on pathogens Produces C3 convertase
62
What is the classical pathway in the complement protein cascade?
Initiated by C1Q binding to pathogen. Produces C3 convertase
63
What is the alternative pathway in the complement protein cascade?
C3 complement protein binds to carbohydrate on pathogen surface C3b produced, which binds with other factors to produce C3 convertase
64
What do complement proteins do?
Means our cells are lysed - membrane attack complex forms (complement protein makes holes in target cell) Activates inflammatory response and membrane attack complex Act as signalling molecule Cell clearance
65
What happens when a pathogen is opsonised?
Makes it more visible to innate cells
66
What happens when a membrane attack complex is formed?
Pores formed in surface of pathogen so it bursts and loses its contents
67
Antimicrobial proteins in the innate immune system
Antibodies/lytic enzymes/interferons/cytotoxins | complement
68
Inflammatory proteins in the innate immune system
Cytokines/chemokines/histamines
69
What is the common end product of the complement system?
C3 convertase

Immune and lymphatic system (27 decks)

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