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Immune and lymphatic system > Overview of the anatomy of the lower limb > Flashcards

Overview of the anatomy of the lower limb Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four major parts of the lower limb?

A

Foot, leg, thigh, pelvic girdle

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2
Q

Where is the leg?

A

Knee to ankle

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3
Q

What are the two rings of the inguinal canal?

A

Deep and superficial

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4
Q

Where is the deep ring of the inguinal canal located?

A

More lateral

Medial to digastric vessel

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5
Q

Where is the superficial ring of the inguinal canal located?

A

Triangular opening at medial end of ext oblique aponeurosis sup lat to pubic tubercle

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6
Q

What does the inguinal canal do?

A

Transmits structures from the pelvis to the perineum

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7
Q

How is the inguinal canal formed?

A

Fetal migration of gonads from abdomen to labioscrotal folds

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8
Q

What dos the inguinal canal contain for males?

A

Spermatic cord

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9
Q

What does the inguinal canal contain for females?

A

Round ligament

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10
Q

What contents of the inguinal canal are common for both males and females?

A

Ilioinguinal nerve and genital branch of genitofemoral nerve

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11
Q

Where is an indirect hernia located?

A

Deep ring, lateral to vessels

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12
Q

Where is a direct hernia located?

A

Medial side of vessels

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13
Q

How can you detect a hernia?

A

Feel for tapping

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14
Q

What does MALT stand for?

A
  • M: internal oblique Muscle, transversus abdominus Muscle
  • A: external oblique Aponeurosis, internal oblique Aponeurosis
  • L: inguinal Ligament, lacunar Ligament
  • T: Transversalis fascia, conjoint Tendon
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15
Q

Where is MALT located?

A

Travels anticlockwise from roof of inguinal canal

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16
Q

What are the three borders of the femoral triangle?

A

Inguinal ligament superiorly
Adductor longus medially
Sartorius laterally

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17
Q

Where is the inguinal ligament?

A

Between hip and pubic symphysis

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18
Q

Where is the sartorius located?

A

Anterior superior fossa to tibia

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19
Q

What does the sartorius do?

A

Helps hip flexion

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20
Q

What does NAVY stand for?

A

Femoral Nerve, femoral Artery, femoral Vein, Y-fronts

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21
Q

What shape is the popliteal fossa?

A

Diamond

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22
Q

What are the borders of the popliteal fossa?

A

Laterally: biceps femoris
Medially: semitendinosus and semimembranosus

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23
Q

What does the tibia nerve split into in the popliteal fossa?

A

Popliteal artery

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24
Q

What is Baker’s cyst?

A

Synovial out-pouching between MHG and semi-membranous

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25
Q

What is popliteal artery entrapment syndrome?

A

Pinched by MHG

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26
Q

What blood vessels and nerves are in the popliteal fossa?

A

Popliteal artery, popliteal vein, tibial nerve and peroneal nerve

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27
Q

What do flexors do?

A

Decreases angle between bones at a joint

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28
Q

What do extensors do?

A

Increases angle between bones

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29
Q

What do adductors do?

A

Bringing thighs together

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30
Q

Muscles in the anterior compartment

A

Sartorius, quadriceps, articularis genus

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31
Q

What are the four heads of the quadricep?

A

Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius
vastus medialis

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32
Q

Which nerve innervates the anterior compartment?

A

Femoral nerve

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33
Q

Which muscles are in the medial compartment?

A

Pectineus, external obturator, gracilis, adductors (longus, brevis, minimus)

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34
Q

Which nerve innervates the medial compartment?

A

Obturator

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35
Q

Which muscles are in the posterior compartment?

A

Adductor Magnus, biceps femoris, semitendinosus and semimebranosus

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36
Q

Which muscle innervates the posterior compartment?

A

Sciatic nerve

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37
Q

What does the anterior compartment do?

A

Extend knee and flex hip

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38
Q

What does the iliopsoas do?

A

Flexes thigh at hip

39
Q

What does the rectus do?

A

Flex thigh at hip, extends at knee

40
Q

What does the vastus do?

A

Extend knee joint, stabilise patella

41
Q

What does the sartorius do?

A

Flexor/abductor/lateral rotator at hip, flexor at knee

42
Q

What does the pectinous do?

A

Adducts and flexes hip

43
Q

What does the medial compartment do?

44
Q

What does the adductor Magnus?

A

Adducts/flexes/extends thigh

45
Q

What does the adductor longus do?

A

Adducts thigh

46
Q

What does the adductor brevis do?

A

Adduction of thigh

47
Q

What does the obturator externus do?

A

Adduction and lateral rotation of thigh

48
Q

What does the gracilis do?

A

Adduction of thigh at hip, flexion of leg at knee

49
Q

What does the posterior compartment do?

A

Flexes knee and extends hip

50
Q

What does the biceps femoris do?

A

Flexion at knee, extends thigh, laterally rotates at hip and knee

51
Q

What do the semis do?

A

Flex leg at knee, extends thigh at hip, medially rotates thigh at hip and leg at knee

52
Q

Which semi is behind the other?

A

Semimembranosus underneath semitendinosus

53
Q

Symptoms of compartment syndrome

A 
Pain disproportionate to injury
Pain refractory to analgesia
Pain on passive stretch 
Pins and needles
Pulse normal
54
Q

Which muscles move the hip?

A

Originate from pelvic girdle
Gluteus maximus/medius/minimus
Tensor fascia lata

55
Q

What does the gluteus Maximus do?

A

Extensor and lateral rotation

56
Q

What does the gluteus medius do?

A

Abductor and rotation

57
Q

What does the gluteus minimus do?

A

Abductor and medial rotator

58
Q

What does the fascia lata do?

A

Flexes and abducts hip and locks knee in extension

59
Q

Where is the tensor fascia lata?

A

Encircles thigh, inserts to illiotibial tract

60
Q

What are the abductors?

A 
Piriformis
Glut med and min
Obturator internus/externus
Superior/inferior gemellus
Quadratus femoris
61
Q

What does the anterior compartment of the leg do?

A

Dorsiflex and invert foot

62
Q

Which nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Deep fibular nerve

63
Q

What does the tibialis anterior do?

A

Dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot

64
Q

What does the extensor digitorum longus?

A

Extension of lateral four toes, dorsiflexion of foot

65
Q

What does the extensor hallucis longus do?

A

Extension of great toe and dorsiflexion of foot

66
Q

Which muscles are in the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus

67
Q

What does the lateral compartment of the leg fo?

A

Eversion of the foot

68
Q

Which nerve innervates the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Superficial fibular nerve

69
Q

Which muscles are part of the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Fibularis longus

Fibularis longus

70
Q

What does the fibularis longus do?

A

Eversion and planter flexion of the foot, supports lateral and transverse arches of foot

71
Q

What does the fibularis brevis do?

A

Eversion of the foot

72
Q

What muscles are in the posterior superficial compartment of the leg?

A

Gastrocnemius
Plantaris
Soleus
Cancaneal (achilles) tendon

73
Q

What does the posterior superficial compartment of the leg do?

A

Plantarflex and invert foot

74
Q

Which nerve innervates the posterior superficial compartment of the leg?

A

Tibial nerve

75
Q

What does the gastrocnemius do?

A

Plantarflexes the ankle, flexes knee

76
Q

What does the planteris do?

A

Plantarflexes ankle, flexes knee

77
Q

What does the soles do?

A

Plantarflexes ankle

78
Q

What does the achilles tendon do?

A

Plantarflexion

79
Q

What does the posterior deep compartment of the leg do?

A

Plantarflex and invert foot

80
Q

Which nerve innervates the deep posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Tibial nerve

81
Q

Which muscles are in the deep posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Popliteus
Tibialis posterior
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus

82
Q

What does the popliteus do?

A

Laterally rotates femur on tibia, flexes knee

83
Q

What does the tibialis posterior do?

A

Inverts and plantar flexes the foot and maintains medial arch

84
Q

What does the flexor digitorum longus do?

A

Flexes lateral 4 toes

85
Q

What does the flexor hallucis longus do?

A

Flexes great toe

86
Q

What does Tom, Dick and Nervous Harry stand for?

A 
Tibialis posterior
Flexor Digitorum longus
Tibial artery
Tibial nerve
Flexor hallucis longus
87
Q

Which muscles make up the hip?

A 
Greater sciatic notch
Acetabulum
Obturator foramen 
Ischial tuberosity 
Ischial spine
88
Q

Characteristics of the femur

A 
Greater trochanter 
Head 
Lesser trochanter
Linea aspera
Lateral/medial epicondyle 
Intercondylar fossa
89
Q

How do you determine if the knee is left or right?

A

Place patella on the table with the point facing away

Falls to lateral side because it is heaviest

90
Q

Symptoms of osteoarthritis

A

Osteophyte forms
Joint space narrows
Subchondral sclerosis
Cysts

91
Q

Mnemonic for learning foot bones

A

Tiger
Cubs
Need
MILC

92
Q

What are the bones of the foot?

A 
Talus
Calcaneus 
Navicular
Medial cuneiform
Intermediate cuneiform
Lateral cuneiform 
Cuboid
93
Q

What is osteomyelitis?

A

Bacteria attacks bone

94
Q

When does the femoral artery turn into the popliteal artery?

A

Hiatus canal

Immune and lymphatic system (27 decks)

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