Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Immune and lymphatic system > Anatomy of locomotion > Flashcards

Anatomy of locomotion Flashcards

1
Q

What is resting posture?

A

Minimal muscular activity
Feet splayed and slightly apart
Hips and knees extended

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which muscles make up the triceps surae?

A

Two headed gastrocnemius, soleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is static posture?

A

How you hold yourself when you’re not moving (sitting, standing, sleeping). Body segments aligned and in fixed positions. Usually achieved by coordination and interaction of various muscle groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does ITB do?

A

Locks knee in hyperextension (rigid support pillar, important stabilizer of knee in extension and partial flexion in walking and running

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does the popliteal contribute to resting posture?

A

Unlocks knee (lateral rotation of femur during stance, medially rotates tibia in swing). Posterior pull on lateral meniscus prevents crushing in knee flexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why is normal gait efficient?

A

Uses gravity and momentum, most energy in level walking is eccentric dorsiflexion after heel strike and plantar and toe flexion at push-off

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a stride equivalent to?

A

2 steps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Process of walking

A
  • Starts with ‘heel strike’ (heel on ground) and finishes with toe-off
  • Hip and knee flex to draw limb forward
  • Foot dorsiflexes immediately after toe-off so the foot clears the floor
  • Hip abductors stabilize pelvic girdle and prevent pelvis dropping on contralateral side
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which muscle extends hip?

A

Gluteus maximus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which muscles flex the knee?

A

Hamstrings (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which muscles do plantar flexion?

A

Gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris, achilles tendon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which muscles flex the hip?

A

Iliopsoas, rectur femoris, sartorius, pectineus, tensor dascia lata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which muscles extend the knee?

A

Quadriceps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which muscles perform dorsiflexion?

A

Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum/hallucis longus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How much of normal gait is stance?

A

60%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How much of normal gait is standing?

A

40%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Characteristics of toddlers walk

A

Slower, high cadence, flexed elbows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the stretch shortening cycle?

A

Eccentric followed by concentric

19
Q

What is a concentric action?

A

Muscles are shortened and force is produced

20
Q

What is amortisation?

A

Stretched muscles store energy

21
Q

What is an eccentric action?

A

Muscles actively lengthened

22
Q

What is the flight stage?

A

Completely off ground

23
Q

What is an asymmetrical gait?

A

One limb is normal and the other stiff

24
Q

What is hemiplegic gait caused by?

A

MS and prolapsed vertebral disc

25
Q

Characteristics of hemiplegic gait

A

Asymmetrical
Affected limb in extension with feet inverted
Ankle plantar flexion causes toes on affected side to drag on floor
Affected leg circumducts

26
Q

Why do you circumduct your leg in abnormal gaits?

A

To prevent feet dragging on floor

27
Q

Characteristics of spastic gait

A

Findings similar to hemiplegic gait but bilateral
Limbs stiff, feet inverted and internally rotated
Excessive adductor tone draws hips together
Spasticity causes leg overlap
Circumduction of both legs

28
Q

What is spastic gait caused by?

A

Cerebral palsy

29
Q

What is the parkinsonian gait caused by?

A

Tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia

30
Q

Characteristics of parkinsonian gait

A 
Short stepping, shuffling
Minimal arm swing
Difficulty when turning around/stopping walking/initiating new movements
Stooped posture
Hypomimia
Hypokinetic gait
31
Q

What is hypomimia?

A

Expressionless face

32
Q

What causes ataxic gait?

A

Stroke, alcoholism, MS

33
Q

Symptoms of ataxic gait

A

Broad based, unsteady, if unicerebellar lesion present, patient may lean towards affected side

34
Q

What is a foot drop?

A

Weakness of dorsiflexion, so foot drops and toes drag during swing phase

35
Q

What causes foot drop gait?

A

Motor weakness of nerves supplying tibialis anterior (common perineal nerve)

36
Q

Characteristics of foot drop gait

A

Foot drop
High stepping gait
Feet stamping

37
Q

What causes Trendelenburg gait?

A

Hypo/hyper parathyroidism
Acromegaly
Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy

38
Q

Characteristics of Trendelenburg gait?

A

Hip abductors are weak (can’t contract and stabilise pelvis during stance phase)
Circumduction and waddling prevents foot from dragging

39
Q

What is acromegaly?

A

Increased size of bones

40
Q

What is the Trendelenburg sign?

A

Drop in pelvis when lifting leg opposite weak gluteus medius because of weak hip abductors
Compensated by leaning towards affected side to let affected leg come off ground

41
Q

What is pes planus?

A

Flat foot
Arch collapses, can be congenital or acquired. Insufficiency of tib post or plantar fascia and calaneoclavicular joint
Talar head displaces interiomedially

42
Q

What is ITB syndrome?

A

Iliotibialband syndrome

Iliotibial band is overused (e.g. long distance runners) causing it to become tight and inflamed

43
Q

What is jumpers knee?

A

Inferior patella pain

44
Q

What is shin splints?

A

Anterior shin pain (overexertion in untrained). Tib ant microtrauma on periosteum. DDx (stress fracture, compartment syndrome)

Immune and lymphatic system (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions