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Immune and lymphatic system > Anatomy of locomotion > Flashcards

Anatomy of locomotion Flashcards

1
Q

What is resting posture?

A

Minimal muscular activity
Feet splayed and slightly apart
Hips and knees extended

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2
Q

Which muscles make up the triceps surae?

A

Two headed gastrocnemius, soleus

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3
Q

What is static posture?

A

How you hold yourself when you’re not moving (sitting, standing, sleeping). Body segments aligned and in fixed positions. Usually achieved by coordination and interaction of various muscle groups

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4
Q

What does ITB do?

A

Locks knee in hyperextension (rigid support pillar, important stabilizer of knee in extension and partial flexion in walking and running

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5
Q

How does the popliteal contribute to resting posture?

A

Unlocks knee (lateral rotation of femur during stance, medially rotates tibia in swing). Posterior pull on lateral meniscus prevents crushing in knee flexion

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6
Q

Why is normal gait efficient?

A

Uses gravity and momentum, most energy in level walking is eccentric dorsiflexion after heel strike and plantar and toe flexion at push-off

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7
Q

What is a stride equivalent to?

A

2 steps

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8
Q

Process of walking

A
  • Starts with ‘heel strike’ (heel on ground) and finishes with toe-off
  • Hip and knee flex to draw limb forward
  • Foot dorsiflexes immediately after toe-off so the foot clears the floor
  • Hip abductors stabilize pelvic girdle and prevent pelvis dropping on contralateral side
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9
Q

Which muscle extends hip?

A

Gluteus maximus

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10
Q

Which muscles flex the knee?

A

Hamstrings (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus)

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11
Q

Which muscles do plantar flexion?

A

Gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris, achilles tendon

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12
Q

Which muscles flex the hip?

A

Iliopsoas, rectur femoris, sartorius, pectineus, tensor dascia lata

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13
Q

Which muscles extend the knee?

A

Quadriceps

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14
Q

Which muscles perform dorsiflexion?

A

Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum/hallucis longus

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15
Q

How much of normal gait is stance?

A

60%

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16
Q

How much of normal gait is standing?

A

40%

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17
Q

Characteristics of toddlers walk

A

Slower, high cadence, flexed elbows

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18
Q

What is the stretch shortening cycle?

A

Eccentric followed by concentric

19
Q

What is a concentric action?

A

Muscles are shortened and force is produced

20
Q

What is amortisation?

A

Stretched muscles store energy

21
Q

What is an eccentric action?

A

Muscles actively lengthened

22
Q

What is the flight stage?

A

Completely off ground

23
Q

What is an asymmetrical gait?

A

One limb is normal and the other stiff

24
Q

What is hemiplegic gait caused by?

A

MS and prolapsed vertebral disc

25
Q

Characteristics of hemiplegic gait

A

Asymmetrical
Affected limb in extension with feet inverted
Ankle plantar flexion causes toes on affected side to drag on floor
Affected leg circumducts

26
Q

Why do you circumduct your leg in abnormal gaits?

A

To prevent feet dragging on floor

27
Q

Characteristics of spastic gait

A

Findings similar to hemiplegic gait but bilateral
Limbs stiff, feet inverted and internally rotated
Excessive adductor tone draws hips together
Spasticity causes leg overlap
Circumduction of both legs

28
Q

What is spastic gait caused by?

A

Cerebral palsy

29
Q

What is the parkinsonian gait caused by?

A

Tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia

30
Q

Characteristics of parkinsonian gait

A 
Short stepping, shuffling
Minimal arm swing
Difficulty when turning around/stopping walking/initiating new movements
Stooped posture
Hypomimia
Hypokinetic gait
31
Q

What is hypomimia?

A

Expressionless face

32
Q

What causes ataxic gait?

A

Stroke, alcoholism, MS

33
Q

Symptoms of ataxic gait

A

Broad based, unsteady, if unicerebellar lesion present, patient may lean towards affected side

34
Q

What is a foot drop?

A

Weakness of dorsiflexion, so foot drops and toes drag during swing phase

35
Q

What causes foot drop gait?

A

Motor weakness of nerves supplying tibialis anterior (common perineal nerve)

36
Q

Characteristics of foot drop gait

A

Foot drop
High stepping gait
Feet stamping

37
Q

What causes Trendelenburg gait?

A

Hypo/hyper parathyroidism
Acromegaly
Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy

38
Q

Characteristics of Trendelenburg gait?

A

Hip abductors are weak (can’t contract and stabilise pelvis during stance phase)
Circumduction and waddling prevents foot from dragging

39
Q

What is acromegaly?

A

Increased size of bones

40
Q

What is the Trendelenburg sign?

A

Drop in pelvis when lifting leg opposite weak gluteus medius because of weak hip abductors
Compensated by leaning towards affected side to let affected leg come off ground

41
Q

What is pes planus?

A

Flat foot
Arch collapses, can be congenital or acquired. Insufficiency of tib post or plantar fascia and calaneoclavicular joint
Talar head displaces interiomedially

42
Q

What is ITB syndrome?

A

Iliotibialband syndrome

Iliotibial band is overused (e.g. long distance runners) causing it to become tight and inflamed

43
Q

What is jumpers knee?

A

Inferior patella pain

44
Q

What is shin splints?

A

Anterior shin pain (overexertion in untrained). Tib ant microtrauma on periosteum. DDx (stress fracture, compartment syndrome)

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