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Immune and lymphatic system > Common fractures of upper and lower limb > Flashcards

Common fractures of upper and lower limb Flashcards

1
Q

Transverse fracture

A

Straight across bone

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2
Q

Oblique fracture

A

Oblique line across bone

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3
Q

Spiral fracture

A

Looks like corkscrew

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4
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

More than 2 parts to fracture

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5
Q

Incomplete fracture

A

Whole complex isn’t broken

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6
Q

Bowing fracture

A

Long bone is bent

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7
Q

Buckle fracture

A

Fracture is of concave surface

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8
Q

Greenstick fracture

A

Fracture on convex side, doesn’t go completely through bone

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9
Q

Salter-Harris fracture

A

Fracture involving growth plate

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10
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of bone

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11
Q

Metaphysis

A

Widening portion adjacent to growth plate

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12
Q

Epiphysis

A

End of bone adjacent to joint

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13
Q

Type I Salter-Harris fracture

A

Through growth plate

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14
Q

Type II Salter-harris fracture

A

Through growth plate and metaphysis

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15
Q

Type III Salter-Harris fracture

A

Through growth plate and epiphysis

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16
Q

Type IV Salter-Harris fracture

A

Through all 3 elements

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17
Q

Type V Salter-Harris fracture

A

Crush injury of growth plate

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18
Q

What does SALTER stand for?

A 
Straight across (type I)
Above (type II)
Lower (type III)
Through Everything (type IV)
cRush (type V)
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19
Q

What is a displaced fracture?

A

Bones move apart, no longer touch

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20
Q

Treatment for clavicle fracture

A

Analgesia and collar-and-cuff, occasionally surgery

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21
Q

Risk factor for clavicle fracture

A

Osteoporosis, common young adults and older women

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22
Q

Complication of clavicle fracture

A

Brachial plexus injury (pneumothorax)

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23
Q

Causes of scapula fracture

A

FOOSH

Direct trauma to shoulder

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24
Q

Another name for humeral head fracture

A

Hill-Sachs

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25
Q

What is a humeral head fracture?

A

Posterolateral humeral head deprrssion

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26
Q

Which nerve is commonly affected by humeral head fracture?

A

Axillary

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27
Q

Sensory area of axillary nerve

A

Soldier’s patch

28
Q

Motor area of axillary nerve

29
Q

How does humeral head dislocation commonly occur?

A

Trauma and impact injuries

30
Q

Which type of humeral head dislocation is most common?

A

Anterior dislocation

31
Q

Which nerve is damaged with humeral shaft fracture?

32
Q

Common causes of humeral shaft fracture

A

Direct blow to upper arm or indirect trauma caused by falling/twisting action

33
Q

Common cause of epicondyle fracture

34
Q

Which nerve is commonly damaged with olecranon fracture?

35
Q

Common causes of olecranon fracture

A

Direct blow

FOOSH with flexed elbow

36
Q

Type I supracondylar fracture

A

Non displaced

37
Q

Type II supracondylar fracture

A

Angulated with intact posterior cortex

38
Q

Type III supracondylar fracture

A

Completely displaced

39
Q

Type IV supracondylar fracture

A

Complete periosteal disruption

40
Q

Galeazzi fracture-dislocation

A

Fracture of distal radius with dislocation of distal radio-ulnar joint, ulnar is otherwise intact

41
Q

Monteggia fracture-dislocation

A

Fracture of ulnar shaft with concomitant dislocation of radial head

42
Q

How can you see joint effusion on x-ray?

A

Posterior fat pad visible where it normally isn’t

43
Q

Common joint effusion in children

A

Supracondylar

44
Q

Common joint effusion in adults

A

Radial head

45
Q

What is joint effusion?

A

Collection of fluid

46
Q

What is Colles fracture?

A

Extra-articular fractures of distal radius
Occur due to FOOSH
Fracture of distal radial metaphysical region with dorsal angulation and impaction

47
Q

What is Smith fracture?

A

Opposite Colles - palmar

48
Q

What is a Boxer’s fracture?

A

Minimally convoluted

Transverse fracture of 5th metacarpal neck

49
Q

What is Gamekeeper’s thumb?

A

Avulsion/rupture of UCL of first metacarpophalangeal joint

50
Q

What is Mallet finger?

A

Triangular avulsion fragment at extensor aspect of distal phalanx DIP joint

51
Q

What commonly causes scaphoid fracture?

52
Q

Symptoms of scaphoid fracture

A

Pain in anatomical snuffbox

53
Q

Side effects of scaphoid fracture

54
Q

What is a pelvic fracture?

A

Ring breaks in two places, commonly includes pubic symphysis and sacroiliac joints

55
Q

Dangers of pelvic fracture

A

Significant blood loss is common

56
Q

Risk factors for neck of femur fracture

A

Age, RTA, osteoporosis

57
Q

Signs of neck of femur fracture

A

Leg shortened and externally rotated

58
Q

Causes of femoral shaft fracture

A

High speed RTA or pathological causes

59
Q

Complications of femoral shaft fracture

A 
Blood loss (profound blood vessels)
Fat embolism
60
Q

Signs of femoral shaft fracture

A

Often displaced and shortened due to psoas flexing, glut med abducting proximal fragment and adductors pulling distal fragment

61
Q

Signs of fibular neck fracture

A

Foot drop - damage to common peroneal nerve

62
Q

What are the three types of Danis-Weber classification?

63
Q

What does the Danis-Weber classification categorise?

A

Ankle fractures

64
Q

What is a type A Danis-Weber fracture?

A
  • Below ankle joint
  • Tibiofibular syndesmosis intact
  • Deltoid ligament intact
  • Medial malleolus often fracturd
  • Usually stable
65
Q

What is a type B Danis-Weber fracture?

A
  • Level with ankle joint
  • Syndesmosis intact/partially torn
  • No widening of distal tibiofibular articulation
  • Medial malleolus may be fractured
  • Deltoid ligament may be torn
  • Variable stability
66
Q

What is a type C Danis-Weber fracture?

A
  • Above ankle joint
  • Syndesmosis disrupted
  • Widening of distal tibiofibular articulation
  • Medial malleolus fracture
  • Deltoid ligament injury
  • Unstable - requires ORIF (open reduction internal fixation)

Immune and lymphatic system (27 decks)

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