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Immune and lymphatic system > Cells of the blood > Flashcards

Cells of the blood Flashcards

1
Q

Function of circulatory system

A

Pumps blood around body

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2
Q

Functions of blood

A

Distributes substances around body
Maintains temperature
Maintains pH
Prevents infection

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3
Q

What happens when you centrifuge blood?

A

Densest section = erythrocytes
Least dense is plasma
The two are separated by Buffy coat

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4
Q

What is the buffy coat?

A

White layer containing platelets and leukocytes

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5
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

RBCs

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6
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

WBCs

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7
Q

What is plasma?

A

Sticky fluid
Mostly water
Some proteins/nutrients/ions etc

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8
Q

2 examples of proteins found in plasma

A

Albumin

Globulins

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9
Q

What does albumin do?

A

Contributes to osmotic pressure

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10
Q

What do globulins do?

A

Binds to molecules for transport

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11
Q

Characteristics of red blood cells?

A 
No cell division
Numerous
Bi-concave
Anucleate 
Lots of hemoglobin
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12
Q

How are RBCs and platelets replaced?

A

Stem cells in bone marrow

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13
Q

How many polypeptide chais make up haemoglobin?

A

4 - 2 alpha and 2 beta

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14
Q

What is each polypeptide chain in haemoglobin bound to?

A

A heme group with iron at the centre

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15
Q

How many molecules of oxygen does each haemoglobin molecule bind to?

A

4

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16
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

Making blood cells

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17
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occur?

A

Red bone marrow

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18
Q

Function of leukocytes

A

Part of immune system

Defend against pathogens

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19
Q

What doe neutrophils do?

A

Kill bacteria by phagocytosis

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20
Q

What do eosinophils do?

A

Kill parasitic worms

Combat effects of histamine in allergic reactions

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21
Q

What do basophils do?

A

Intensify inflammatory response in allergic reactions

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22
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

B-cells develop into plasma cells to secrete antibodies
T-cells attack viruses and cancer cells
NK cells attack infectious microbes

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23
Q

What do platelets do?

A

Fragments of megakaryocytes

Blood clotting

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24
Q

Why do megakaryocytes form?

A

Repeated mitotic cycles with no cytokinesis

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25
Q

Which antibodies are in the plasma of someone with blood type A?

A

Anti - B

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26
Q

Which antibodies are in the plasma of someone with blood type b?

A

Anti-A

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27
Q

Which antibodies are in the plasma of someone with blood type O?

A

Anti-A and Anti-B

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28
Q

Why are blood types normally followed by a positive or negative sign?

A

Rh positive or negative

29
Q

Volume of blood in adult

30
Q

What is the first cell involved in haematopoeisis?

A

Multipoetic stem cells

31
Q

Where does haumatopoeisis take place?

A

Red bone marrow

32
Q

What does the myeloid progenitor cell do?

A

Makes RBCs and megakaryocytes

33
Q

What do myeloblasts produce?

34
Q

How are RBCs removed?

A

Phagocytic macrophages in spleen and liver

35
Q

What is haemolytic anaemia?

A

If RBC isn’t shaped correctly, it is phagocytosed by macrophages

36
Q

Where does erythropoiesis take place?

A

Red bone marrow

37
Q

What is the precursor cell for erythropoiesis?

A

Proerythroblast

38
Q

What happens when less oxygen reaches kidneys?

A

They secrete erythropoietin, which increases the rate of maturation of proerythroblasts

39
Q

What happens to the amount of red bone marrow you possess as you age?

A

Replaced by yellow marrow (mainly fat)

40
Q

When can yellow marrow convert to red?

A

In extreme blood loss

41
Q

What is the difference between macrophages and monocytes?

A

Same cell but macrophage in tissue and monocyte in blood

42
Q

Why don’t basophils have a nucleus?

A

Full of granules

43
Q

Why do eosinophils appear pink?

A

React with eosin stain

44
Q

What do monocytes look like?

A

Large and have big nucleus shaped like a bean

45
Q

Where do platelets originate?

A

Megakaryocytes in red bone marrow

46
Q

Do thrombocytes have a nucleus?

47
Q

Main function of platelets

A

Form platelet plug

48
Q

Lifespan of platelets

49
Q

What is microcytic anaemia?

A

Vitamin B12 deficiency - lots of reticulocytes in system increases mean cell volume

50
Q

What do lots/few platelets in the blood indicate?

A

Infections/bleeding

51
Q

What percentage of WBCs are neutrophils?

52
Q

What percentage of WBCs are basophils?

53
Q

What percentage of WBCs are eosinophils?

54
Q

What percentage of WBCs are monocytes?

55
Q

What percentage of WBCs are lymphocytes?

56
Q

What do monocytes do?

A

Transform to macrophages and then phagocytose

57
Q

Normal range of basophils

58
Q

Normal range of monocytes

A

0.2-0.8 x 10^9 per litre

59
Q

Normal range of eosinophils

A

0.04-0.44 x 10^9 per litre

60
Q

Normal range of lymphocytes

A

1.3-4 x 10^9 per litre

61
Q

Normal range of neutrophils

A

2-7.5 x 10^9 per litre

62
Q

Normal range of WBCs

A

4-11 x 10^9 per litre

63
Q

Normal range of platelets

A

150-400 x 10^9 per litre

64
Q

Normal range of RBCs for male and female

A

M: 4.5-6.5 x 10^12
F: 3.8-5.8 x 10^12

65
Q

Normal packed cell volume for M and F

A

M: 0.4-0.52
F: 0.36-0.47

66
Q

Mean cell haemoglobin concentration

A

32-36 g/dL

67
Q

Normal range of mean cell haemoglobin

68
Q

Normal range of mean cell volume

69
Q

Normal haemoglobin concentration for M and F

A

M: 13-18 g/dL
F: 11.5 - 16.5 g/dL

Immune and lymphatic system (27 decks)

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