Cells of the blood

Question 1

Function of circulatory system

Answer 1

Pumps blood around body

Question 2

Functions of blood

Answer 2

Distributes substances around body
Maintains temperature
Maintains pH
Prevents infection

Question 3

What happens when you centrifuge blood?

Answer 3

Densest section = erythrocytes
Least dense is plasma
The two are separated by Buffy coat

Question 4

What is the buffy coat?

Answer 4

White layer containing platelets and leukocytes

Question 5

What are erythrocytes?

Answer 5

RBCs

Question 6

What are leukocytes?

Answer 6

WBCs

Question 7

What is plasma?

Answer 7

Sticky fluid
Mostly water
Some proteins/nutrients/ions etc

Question 8

2 examples of proteins found in plasma

Answer 8

Albumin

Globulins

Question 9

What does albumin do?

Answer 9

Contributes to osmotic pressure

Question 10

What do globulins do?

Answer 10

Binds to molecules for transport

Question 11

Characteristics of red blood cells?

Answer 11

No cell division
Numerous
Bi-concave
Anucleate 
Lots of hemoglobin

Question 12

How are RBCs and platelets replaced?

Answer 12

Stem cells in bone marrow

Question 13

How many polypeptide chais make up haemoglobin?

Answer 13

4 - 2 alpha and 2 beta

Question 14

What is each polypeptide chain in haemoglobin bound to?

Answer 14

A heme group with iron at the centre

Question 15

How many molecules of oxygen does each haemoglobin molecule bind to?

Answer 15

4

Question 16

What is hematopoiesis?

Answer 16

Making blood cells

Question 17

Where does hematopoiesis occur?

Answer 17

Red bone marrow

Question 18

Function of leukocytes

Answer 18

Part of immune system

Defend against pathogens

Question 19

What doe neutrophils do?

Answer 19

Kill bacteria by phagocytosis

Question 20

What do eosinophils do?

Answer 20

Kill parasitic worms

Combat effects of histamine in allergic reactions

Question 21

What do basophils do?

Answer 21

Intensify inflammatory response in allergic reactions

Question 22

What do lymphocytes do?

Answer 22

B-cells develop into plasma cells to secrete antibodies
T-cells attack viruses and cancer cells
NK cells attack infectious microbes

Question 23

What do platelets do?

Answer 23

Fragments of megakaryocytes

Blood clotting

Question 24

Why do megakaryocytes form?

Answer 24

Repeated mitotic cycles with no cytokinesis

Question 25

Which antibodies are in the plasma of someone with blood type A?

Answer 25

Anti - B

Question 26

Which antibodies are in the plasma of someone with blood type b?

Answer 26

Anti-A

Question 27

Which antibodies are in the plasma of someone with blood type O?

Answer 27

Anti-A and Anti-B

Question 28

Why are blood types normally followed by a positive or negative sign?

Answer 28

Rh positive or negative

Question 29

Volume of blood in adult

Answer 29

5 litres

Question 30

What is the first cell involved in haematopoeisis?

Answer 30

Multipoetic stem cells

Question 31

Where does haumatopoeisis take place?

Answer 31

Red bone marrow

Question 32

What does the myeloid progenitor cell do?

Answer 32

Makes RBCs and megakaryocytes

Question 33

What do myeloblasts produce?

Answer 33

WBCs

Question 34

How are RBCs removed?

Answer 34

Phagocytic macrophages in spleen and liver

Question 35

What is haemolytic anaemia?

Answer 35

If RBC isn't shaped correctly, it is phagocytosed by macrophages

Question 36

Where does erythropoiesis take place?

Answer 36

Red bone marrow

Question 37

What is the precursor cell for erythropoiesis?

Answer 37

Proerythroblast

Question 38

What happens when less oxygen reaches kidneys?

Answer 38

They secrete erythropoietin, which increases the rate of maturation of proerythroblasts

Question 39

What happens to the amount of red bone marrow you possess as you age?

Answer 39

Replaced by yellow marrow (mainly fat)

Question 40

When can yellow marrow convert to red?

Answer 40

In extreme blood loss

Question 41

What is the difference between macrophages and monocytes?

Answer 41

Same cell but macrophage in tissue and monocyte in blood

Question 42

Why don't basophils have a nucleus?

Answer 42

Full of granules

Question 43

Why do eosinophils appear pink?

Answer 43

React with eosin stain

Question 44

What do monocytes look like?

Answer 44

Large and have big nucleus shaped like a bean

Question 45

Where do platelets originate?

Answer 45

Megakaryocytes in red bone marrow

Question 46

Do thrombocytes have a nucleus?

Answer 46

No

Question 47

Main function of platelets

Answer 47

Form platelet plug

Question 48

Lifespan of platelets

Answer 48

5-9 days

Question 49

What is microcytic anaemia?

Answer 49

Vitamin B12 deficiency - lots of reticulocytes in system increases mean cell volume

Question 50

What do lots/few platelets in the blood indicate?

Answer 50

Infections/bleeding

Question 51

What percentage of WBCs are neutrophils?

Answer 51

60-70

Question 52

What percentage of WBCs are basophils?

Answer 52

0.5-1

Question 53

What percentage of WBCs are eosinophils?

Answer 53

2-4

Question 54

What percentage of WBCs are monocytes?

Answer 54

3-8

Question 55

What percentage of WBCs are lymphocytes?

Answer 55

20-25

Question 56

What do monocytes do?

Answer 56

Transform to macrophages and then phagocytose

Question 57

Normal range of basophils

Answer 57

<0.1

Question 58

Normal range of monocytes

Answer 58

0.2-0.8 x 10^9 per litre

Question 59

Normal range of eosinophils

Answer 59

0.04-0.44 x 10^9 per litre

Question 60

Normal range of lymphocytes

Answer 60

1.3-4 x 10^9 per litre

Question 61

Normal range of neutrophils

Answer 61

2-7.5 x 10^9 per litre

Question 62

Normal range of WBCs

Answer 62

4-11 x 10^9 per litre

Question 63

Normal range of platelets

Answer 63

150-400 x 10^9 per litre

Question 64

Normal range of RBCs for male and female

Answer 64

M: 4.5-6.5 x 10^12 F: 3.8-5.8 x 10^12

Question 65

Normal packed cell volume for M and F

Answer 65

M: 0.4-0.52 F: 0.36-0.47

Question 66

Mean cell haemoglobin concentration

Answer 66

32-36 g/dL

Question 67

Normal range of mean cell haemoglobin

Answer 67

27-32 pg

Question 68

Normal range of mean cell volume

Answer 68

77-95 fL

Question 69

Normal haemoglobin concentration for M and F

Answer 69

M: 13-18 g/dL F: 11.5 - 16.5 g/dL