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Immune and lymphatic system > Introduction to microbiology > Flashcards

Introduction to microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Would you expect to find microorganisms in the skin of a healthy person?

A

Yes

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2
Q

Would you expect to find microorganisms in the blood of a healthy person?

A

No

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3
Q

Would you expect to find microorganisms in the mouth of a healthy person?

A

Yes

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4
Q

Would you expect to find microorganisms in the stomach of a healthy person?

A

Yes

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5
Q

Would you expect to find microorganisms in the colon of a healthy person?

A

Yes

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6
Q

Would you expect to find microorganisms in the cerebrospinal fluid of a healthy person?

A

No

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7
Q

Would you expect to find microorganisms in the joint fluid of a healthy person?

A

No

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8
Q

Which areas are densely populated with normal flora?

A

Large intestine
Mouth
Female reproductive tract
Upper respiratory tract

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9
Q

Which areas are moderately populated with normal flora?

A

Skin
Stomach
Urethra

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10
Q

Which areas have a low amount of normal flora?

A

Lower respiratory tract

Bladder

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11
Q

Which areas have no normal flora?

A

Blood
Tissue
Joint fluid
CSF

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12
Q

Where is staphylococcus spp found?

A

Skin

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13
Q

Where is streptococcus spp found?

A

Mouth, nose and throat

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14
Q

Name two bacteria found in the GI tract

A

Bacteroides spp

Escherichia coli

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15
Q

What type of bacterium is escherichia coli?

A

Coliform

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16
Q

What are facultative microbes?

A

Can use electron donors

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17
Q

Why is normal flora important?

A

Protect from pathogen colonisation (no space for pathogens)

Develop immune system

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18
Q

What diseases can streptococcus pneumonia cause?

A

Pneumonia and meningitis

19
Q

What are the main groups of microorganisms and what are their sizes?

A

Bacteria (1 micrometer)
Parasites (protozoa are less than 5 micrometers and metazoan are cm)
Fungi (less than 5 micrometers)
Viruses (less than 0.2 micrometers)

20
Q

What ribosomes are found on a bacteria cell?

A

70s - has 30s and 50s subunits

21
Q

How long is a bacterium?

A

1 micrometer

22
Q

What are the pili used for?

A

Attachment

23
Q

What are flagella used for?

A

Movement

24
Q

What are the three shapes of bacteria?

A

Spheres, rods and spirals

25
Q

What is the cell wall made from?

A

Peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharides

26
Q

What does the gram stain do?

A

Divides bacteria into two groups depending on cell wall and size

27
Q

How do you do a gram stain?

A

Add a stain and bone to peptidoglycan
fix it
Add alcohol - if there is a little stain it can be stripped away
Add counter stain
Should be categorised into gram positive and gram negative

28
Q

What is the dormant state of a bacteria spore?

A

Resistant to heat/drying/alcohol/UV

Returns to vegetative state when conditions favourable

29
Q

What are the two types of eukaryotic cell?

A

Yeast and mould

30
Q

What is a cutaneous bacterium?

A

Direct contact, common athletes foot

31
Q

What is a subcutaneous bacterium?

A

Puncture wounds/trauma

32
Q

What is a systemic bacterium?

A

Inhaled and then spread

33
Q

What is an opportunistic bacterium?

A

Immuno-compromised, rare but serious

34
Q

Characteristics of protozoa and metazoa

A 
DNA in nucleus
Organelles
Cell wall and membrane 
Can have outer walls
Metabolic processes close to human ones
35
Q

How do amoebae move?

A

Phagocytosis

36
Q

How do flagellates move?

A

Flagella

37
Q

How do sporozoa move?

A

Picked up by host

38
Q

How are protozoa classified?

A

How they move

39
Q

How are metazoan classified?

A

Shape

40
Q

What shapes can metazoa have?

A

Round worms, tape worms, flukes

41
Q

Examples of viruses

A

Herpes
Chicken pox
Shingles

42
Q

Characteristics of viruses

A

Can only replicate after invading host cell
Nucleic acid (can be RNA/DNA and single/double stranded)
Nucleocapsid
Viral proteins inserted into host cell
0.2 micrometres

43
Q

How do viruses replicate?

A 
Attaches to host
Endocytosed into cell
Unwraps itself
Replicates nucleic acid and proteins
Can leave cell by budding out
44
Q

What shapes can it have?

A

Helical
Icosahedral
Complex

Immune and lymphatic system (27 decks)

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